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Cancer of the Cervix Uteri
Published in Jennifer L. Kelsey, Nancy G. Hildreth, Breast and Gynecologic Cancer Epidemiology, 2019
Jennifer L. Kelsey, Nancy G. Hildreth
It was at one time believed24,55 that circumcision of the male partner and the resulting absence of exposure to smegma decreased the risk for cervical cancer, but this has not been confirmed in most subsequent studies, including those in which circumcision status was confirmed by actual examination.33,49,54,153–155 Although some animal experiments have indicated that smegma may be carcinogenic,156–158 others have not,159–160 and the applicability of these experiments to humans is in any event uncertain.
Oncogenic Potential of Herpes Simplex Viruses and their Association with Cervical Neoplasia
Published in Fred Rapp, Oncogenic Herpesviruses, 2019
Andre J. Nahmias, Bodil Norrild
Another important feature related to the importance of coitus in the development of cervical neoplasia has been the search for candidate oncogenic agents among those transmitted sexually.19 In view of earlier studies suggesting that women whose husbands were uncircumcised had a greater likelihood of developing cervical cancer, smegma was suspected. However, later epidemiological studies failed to corroborate any influence of the lack of circumcision with the development of cervical neoplasia in female contacts.16 Studies, however, are still ongoing to elucidate a possible carcinogenic role of the sperm of some males, based on a possible oncogenic effect of sperm histones.20
Miscellaneous conditions affecting the genitalia
Published in Shiv Shanker Pareek, The Pictorial Atlas of Common Genito-Urinary Medicine, 2018
Smegma is a thick, cheese-like, sebaceous secretion that collects under the foreskin (prepuce) in males and around the clitoris and the folds of the labia minora in females. In circumcised males it is less noticeable since smegma tends to accumulate between the base of the glans and the foreskin. Smegma is a combination of exfoliated (shed) epithelial cells and sebum, produced from sebaceous gland on the inner surface of the foreskin in males or the clitoral hood (prepuce) in females. Occasionally it has a strong odour.
Acceptability of male circumcision for HIV prevention among men who have sex with men in China: a short report
Published in AIDS Care, 2022
Tanwei Yuan, Yanxiao Gao, Zhenyu Wang, Ruonan Huang, Junfeng Wang, Peiyang Li, Xiaojun Meng, Kechun Zhang, Guanghui Wang, Yepeng Zhou, Danyang Luo, Yong Cai, Song Fan, Lin Ouyang, Jin Zhao, Maohe Yu, Han-Zhu Qian, Guohui Wu, Huachun Zou
Consistent with previous studies conducted among heterosexual men (Westercamp & Bailey, 2007), we found that perceiving circumcision could help maintain genital hygiene was positively associated with the acceptability of circumcision among MSM. The unpleasant smell of smegma under the foreskin of uncircumcised men could be repulsive for their sexual partners, especially when they intend to have oral sex. Additionally, we found that MSM who perceived circumcision as an embarrassing surgery had a lower likelihood of being willing to be circumcised. Embarrassment associated with circumcision could also come from friends, sexual partners, and family members who might consider it is strange for an adult man to do surgery on penis (Wang et al., 2016). These findings imply that the positive impact of circumcision on sexual experiences could be more highlighted in educational interventions among MSM community. Efforts should be made to normalize circumcision surgery in the public, which could be done by promoting relevant health education from the mass media.
Penile Sparing Techniques For Penile Cancer
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2020
Malignant penile lesions include basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, sarcomas, adenocarcinoma, and metastatic lesions; however, squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histologic subtype and is the focus of this review. Penile cancers are predominantly distal with 58% of penile cancer cases occurring on the glans, 16% on the foreskin, 9% on both the glans and foreskin, 2% on the shaft, 1% on the glans and shaft with the remaining 13% at unspecified sites [9]. Several risk factors have been associated with penile cancer. Newborn circumcision is associated with an estimated 22-fold reduction in the lifetime development of penile cancer [10]. Interestingly, adult circumcision does not offer the same prophylactic benefits [11]. Circumcision is thought to eliminate the closed glanular environment that leads to chronic inflammatory states including phimosis, balanitis, and smegma retention. Inflammatory conditions and carcinogenic exposures including lichen sclerosis/balanitis xerotica obliterans, penile trauma, psoralen UV-A photochemotherapy, and tobacco use are recognized as significant risk factors to the development of penile cancer [12,13]. HPV has garnered increased attention due to its role in the development of other malignancies. While there are several HPV subtypes, serotypes 16 and 18 are associated with a higher risk of malignancy [14]. HPV is associated with 22–66% of all penile cancers with the basaloid and warty subtypes showing the highest association [15,16]