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Nutrition
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
2.23. Which of the following is typical of an obese 8-year-old boy?Greater than average height.Normal bone age.Normal size external genitalia.Unusual happy temperament.Delayed puberty.
Regulation of Reproduction by Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
A diagram of the hormonal regulation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–testicular axis is shown in Figure 10.6. Both GnRH and the gonadotropins, LH and FSH, provide stimulatory inputs to the testes, while testosterone and inhibin provide negative feedback to the hypothalamus and the pituitary. The male genitalia consist of the gonads (testis), duct system (epididymis and vas deferens), an intromittent organ (penis), and accessory glands (seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands), as illustrated in Figure 10.7. Some of these structures are located within the pelvis and others are located outside the body cavity. The overall function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm, synthesize and secrete androgens, and regulate the secondary sex characteristics. A comprehensive review on the male reproductive system can be downloaded from Endotext at https://www.endotext.org/chapter/endocrinology-of-the-male-reproductive-system-and-spermatogenesis/.
The Epidemiology of Infertility
Published in Michele Kiely, Reproductive and Perinatal Epidemiology, 2019
Of all the many organisms that cause sexually transmitted infections, there are several — N. gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, and possibly the Mycoplasmas — that infect the female cervix, and then frequently ascend in the female genital tract to initiate the acute and chronic injuries that are known as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Many other bacterial organisms that are found in the vagina (without sexual transmission) also contribute to this condition. About 75% of first cases of PID are due to sexually transmitted organisms, while the non-sexually transmitted organisms are more important in repeat episodes. PID can lead to infertility by causing total fallopian tube blockage or lesser degrees of tubal damage that interfere with normal tubal function. Infections by these organisms in males can also lead to infertility due to chronic infection or scarring of structures in the male reproductive tract.43,44
Psychosocial and Behavioral Aspects of Women’s Sexual Pleasure: A Scoping Review
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2021
Joana Reis, Leonor de Oliveira, Cátia Oliveira, Pedro Nobre
As recently outlined in WAS’ declaration of sexual pleasure, this concept is complex, diverse, and multifaceted, including many components in interplay (World Association for Sexual Health, 2019). The biological aspect of sexual pleasure (Pérez & Loving, 2017) manifests as the responses of the organs to hormones, the nervous system, and the genital blood flow (Hull, 2008). Earlier conceptualizations focused on the genital and/or physiological elements of sexual pleasure, distinguishing fore-pleasure (the erotic feelings obtained by stimulation of the genitals and/or other erogenous zones) from orgasmic-pleasure (the explosive pleasure of orgasm) (Abramson & Pinkerton, 2002). Later, sexual pleasure started being acknowledged as having emotional, cognitive, and physical components, as well as mind-body connections, such as “losing oneself” (e.g., Boul et al., 2009; Goldey et al., 2016). Sexual pleasure has been described as the overall enjoyment derived from sexual interaction (Philpott et al., 2006), including a myriad of positive feelings stemming from sexual stimulation (Abramson & Pinkerton, 2002). These feelings are subjective, a result of social constructs, and may include diverse sexual activities (De la Garza-Mercer, 2007; Rye & Meaney, 2007).
The Nashville Statement’s Undoing? Grappling with Evangelical Christianity’s Ontology of Sex
Published in Journal of Homosexuality, 2021
Common definitions of intersex figure the term as describing people who have biological characteristics of male and female sexes. Intersex scholar Iain Morland (2014) explained the definition of intersex and some of its troubling entailments: Intersex is often popularly conflated with ambiguous genitalia—external sexual anatomy that cannot be easily described as entirely female or male, such as a larger-than-typical clitoris. However, for clinicians, an intersex diagnosis can refer also to attributes that are not apparent on the body’s surface, including XXY sex chromosomes or indifference to hormones that produce effects connotative of masculinity. What such intersex diagnoses have in common is the medicalization of a failure to classify the body as one of two sexes. That such a failure would be problematic is not obvious, nor is its medicalization; nonetheless, medical treatment of intersex is the standard practice in the West. (p. 111)
Insights into the nature of female sexuality from the perspective of female stroke survivors
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2020
Penetrative sex was primarily spoken about within the context of relationships that were described as either “sexual” or “intimate.” Giving and receiving pleasure could be a characteristic of both, but the focus was different. Sexual relationships were primarily for the purpose of sexual intercourse and pleasure derived from genital stimulation. However, these relationships were not always pleasant with one woman saying she felt she was being treated like a prostitute (P6). The hallmark of an intimate relationship was feeling close to your partner as a person and these relationships usually also included sexual intercourse. Intimacy, which was defined within the context of specific relationships, was associated with understanding (P2), a particular type of touch (P3), being held (P4), showing that you care (P6), doing things together (P7) and reciprocity (P9).