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Regulation of Reproduction by Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Almost all higher terrestrial organisms, with the exception of a few insects, worms, and reptiles, utilize the complicated process of sexual reproduction instead of the simpler process of offspring generation by a single parent. Sexual reproduction requires that two individuals come together at the optimal time for procreation. A compelling reason for the universal occurrence of sexual (two-parent) reproduction is the valuable reshuffling of the elements of inheritance. Thus, each zygote receives a new combination of genes from each parent, making the offspring genetically unique. In the long run, this provides a better chance for survival of the species, especially when facing gradual, periodic, and even catastrophic changes in the environment. The genetic reshuffling, coupled with the adaptive advantages of individuals with the best combination of traits, are the driving forces of evolution of the species.
Cell division
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
Meiosis is the mechanism that reduces the number of chromosomes to offset the doubling of the chromosome number that occurs at fertilization. It is a necessary part of sexual reproduction. A good understanding of mitosis provides the foundation for understanding meiosis, but meiosis is a more complicated process. Unlike mitosis, meiosis is not conservative as to chromosome number; rather, during meiosis, the number of chromosomes is reduced to half the number in the original mother cell. Because meiosis entails two consecutive nuclear divisions, the process results in four daughter cells rather than two.
The Dawn of GM Humans
Published in Tina Stevens, Stuart Newman, Biotech Juggernaut, 2019
Developmental intervention techniques can potentially result in anomalies and malfunctions that have yet to be identified in natural populations. The bodies and mentalities of people produced this way would potentially be very different from anyone resulting from sexual reproduction or from “standard” IVF (i.e., IVF not involving embryos that have been genetically engineered). Some parents, desperate for a cure for an existing sick child, have sought to produce a second child, a “savior sibling” from whom they can yield potentially lifesaving bone marrow or umbilical cord stem cells. The inefficient process involves the creation of dozens of embryos to be discarded in search of a good “match” of tissue type, before implantation and birth takes place and the eventual grafted tissue is accepted by the patient. Even then, there is no guarantee of success. Cloning the sick child may increase chances for success because then all embryos created would constitute a perfect match. The first child would not reject the tissue grafted from the second child. In 2002 a mouse study that combined the techniques of embryo gene alteration, ES cells, and cloning, succeeded in doing just that (Rideout et al., 2002), opening the door to eventually creating the so-called savior siblings mentioned above, or potentially down the line, when techniques to ensure the biological product was sufficiently outside the realm of moral concern (as in the Slack-Wolpert proposal), part- or non-reproducing humans for instrumental purposes proposed by the bioengineer Drew Endy (see Specter, 2009 and Chapter 6).
Ignored Components of Sexuality: The Need for Competent Clinical Practice with Child Survivors of Sexual Abuse
Published in Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 2023
Dailey (2017) created a comprehensive model called the Circles of Sexuality to identify and understand the multifaceted nature of human sexuality that continues to undergo development. Pertinent to the present study, this model can be used as a framework to help therapists know the intricacies encompassing sexuality as a whole (Turner, 2020). Dailey examined sexuality as five “circles” or topic areas: Intimacy, Sensuality, Sexual Identity, Sexual Health and Reproduction, and Sexualization. The circle of Intimacy includes subcategories of caring, sharing, loving/liking, risk taking, vulnerability. Sensuality includes body image, human sexual response cycle, skin hunger, and fantasy. Sexual Identity includes sexual orientation, gender identity, gender roles, and sex traits or biological sex. Sexual Health and Reproduction include factual information, feelings and attitudes, intercourse, physiology and anatomy of reproductive organs, and sexual reproduction. Lastly, Sexualization includes rape, incest, flirtation, media messages, and sexual harassment. All five Circles of Sexuality can be impacted by an experience of CSA. Thus, therapeutic healing around sexuality requires that a therapist has a working knowledge of the potential multifaceted impact of CSA on a survivor’s sexuality in developmentally appropriate ways (Sterling-Murphy & Csiernik, 2021).
Erectile Dysfunction and Partner-Directed Behaviors in Romantic Relationships: The Mediating Role of Suspicious Jealousy
Published in The Journal of Sex Research, 2022
Gavin Vance, Virgil Zeigler-Hill, Rachel M. James, Todd K. Shackelford
Descriptive statistics and zero-order correlations are presented in Table 1. Given the present study’s focus on ED, we thought it prudent to note that men’s average self-reported levels of ED were relatively low (M = 2.16; SD = 0.88). We anticipated the possibility of low average levels of ED as a consequence of our upper age limit of 45 years, and indeed, previous work addressing sexual reproduction later in life has predicted a decline in male sexual function with increased age (e.g., P. B. Gray & Garcia, 2012). Still, the low average reported by our male participants should be highlighted in advance of the results of our statistical analyses. As the goal of the present study was to explore the associations that ED had with jealousy and mate retention behaviors, it is important that the subsequent discussion of our results is couched within the knowledge that our sample may not be representative of men who regularly experience ED.
Disciplining sexual and reproductive behaviour of tuberculosis patients in Bangladesh: a mixed method study exploring divergent messages
Published in Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 2022
Mrittika Barua, Francien van Driel
Since we wanted to know whether and how these documents address SRH, we searched for these keywords: sexual, reproduction/reproductive, intercourse, abstinence, infertility, pregnant/pregnancy, breastfeeding, and contraception/contraceptive. In the Bangla texts, we used the equivalent Bangla terms: jouno (sexual), projonon (reproduction/reproductive), jouno milon (intercourse), jouno biroti (sexual abstinence), bondhyatto (infertility), gorbhabostha/gorbhoboti (pregnancy/pregnant), buker dudh khawano/sthonnopaan/sthonnopaan korano (breastfeeding), and jonmoniyontron (contraception/contraceptive). We also looked for euphemisms for sexual intercourse, such as “sleeping together”, “staying together”, or “doing it”. We looked for instructions for both health workers and patients at facilities and in household settings. We paid particular attention to the instructions that health workers are expected to give patients once they are diagnosed, and how they should act in relation to the advice.