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Overview of Traditional Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Women-Associated Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Malika Ranjan, Namyaa Kumar, Safiya Arfi, Shazia Rashid
Ovarian cancer refers to any cancerous growth that originates in the ovaries, or in related areas of the fallopian tube and the peritoneum. The cause of ovarian cancer is multifactorial which mainly include genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors. Some most common causes of ovarian cancer are inherited gene changes (including BRCA1, BRCA2, BRIP1, RAD51C, RAD51D and genes associated with Lynch syndrome), postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and endometriosis [16]. The use of oral contraceptives, like birth control pills, has been shown to dramatically reduce the risk of ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer [17].
Adnexal/Ovarian Torsion
Published in Botros Rizk, A. Mostafa Borahay, Abdel Maguid Ramzy, Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Gynecologic Emergencies, 2020
Hajra Takala, Mona Omar, Ayman Al-Hendy
The ovaries are ovoid nonfixed organs that are located within the broad ligament on either side (lateral) of the uterus. This position is maintained by the infundibulopelvic ligaments, also called suspensory ligaments (a fold of peritoneum extending from the mesovarium to the pelvic wall), of the ovary, which suspend the ovary superolateral to the lateral pelvic wall. A mesovarium is a fold of the peritoneum, continuous with the outer surface of the ovaries. The suspensory ligament of the ovary contains the ovarian artery, ovarian vein, ovarian nerve plexus, and lymphatic vessels. The other side (medial pole) of the ovary is supported and connected to the uterus by the utero-ovarian (UO) ligament, also known as the ovarian ligament or the proper ovarian ligament [1–3].
Common Tips on Communication
Published in Justin C Konje, Complete Revision Guide for MRCOG Part 3, 2020
Borderline ovarian tumours are abnormal cells that form in the tissue covering the ovary. They are not cancerous and are treated by surgery, which is usually a complete cure. Approximately 15 in 100 cases (15%) of ovarian tumours are borderline tumours. These tumours are different from ovarian cancer because their growth is limited, and they never invade the supportive tissue of the ovary, called the stroma. They are also called low malignant potential (the possibility to become cancerous) tumours as they tend to grow slowly and in a more controlled manner when compared to cancer cells. Most ovarian tumours are either benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Ovarian cancer develops when cells grow uncontrollably on the surface of the ovary and are able to spread to other organs. Borderline tumours arise from the same type of cells, but their growth is much more controlled, and they are usually not able to spread. These abnormal cells are also from the same area as cancer cells, but they are not cancerous.
Clinical efficacy of ultrasound-guided interventional therapy in patients with benign ovarian cysts: a meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Yukun Lu, Zuoxi He, Yuedong He
Ovarian cysts are a common benign gynaecological condition that is common in women of all ages. Most of these lesions are benign (Hizkiyahu et al.2020). The prevalence in premenopausal and postmenopausal women is 35% and 17%, respectively (Pavlik et al.2013). Some studies have shown that benign ovarian cysts may resolve spontaneously when they are <5 cm in diameter, but surgery may be an option for cysts >5 cm in diameter or larger and complex cysts (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology 2016). If left untreated, the cyst may rupture due to torsion of the tip, resulting in an acute abdomen (Wang et al.2012). Currently, laparoscopic surgery is the gold standard for the treatment of benign ovarian cysts (Kostrzewa et al.2019). And several studies (Eltabbakh et al.2008) have confirmed the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic surgery for the treatment of large (≥10 cm) and benign ovarian cysts in women. Laparoscopy of benign ovarian cysts has been established as an alternative to open surgery; however, it also involves anaesthesia and hospitalization, and has some limitations, including ovarian cyst rupture, tumour overflow, incomplete tumour resection, trocar site metastasis, and direct cancer cell implantation (Tanaka et al.2008).
TLR4/NF-κB/TNFα and cAMP/SIRT1 signaling cascade involved in mediating the dose-dependent effect of cilostazol in ovarian ischemia reperfusion-induced injury
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2022
Marwa M. M. Refaie, Maram El-Hussieny, Sayed Shehata
Ovarian torsion is a serious gynecological emergency during the reproductive period. Rotation of the ovary around its axis with or without tubal rotation result in blood flow disturbances followed by dangerous consequences such as bleeding, adhesion, thrombophlebitis, sepsis, and even death [1]. Urgent diagnosis and management is mandatory to keep the ovarian function and rescue the patient [2]. The first step is de-torsion of the ovaries with restoration of arterial blood flow and venous drainage. Unfortunately, this is accompanied with gushing of huge amounts of free radicals with oxidative tissue injury which play an essential role in ovarian ischemia reperfusion (OIR) induced damage [3]. In addition, induction of oxidative stress is accompanied with release of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and activation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) protein family which contribute in mediating any ovarian injury followed by stimulation of more inflammatory/apoptotic cascades with final up-regulation of caspase family of apoptotic proteins. OIR is a very complicated pathological disorder initiated with deprivation of oxygen supply followed by excessive production of free oxygen radicals expanding to an inflammatory response and terminated with apoptosis and cell death [4,5].
Leak-proof technique in laparoscopic surgery for large ovarian cysts
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Ovarian cysts are one of most common gynaecologic tumours, and usually occurs in young women. With recent advances in surgical instrumentation and technique, benign cysts can be removed laparoscopically with excellent postoperative outcomes in most cases (Sisodia et al. 2015). However, large ovarian cysts preclude the laparoscopic surgery because the size of the cyst interferes with adequate visualisation of the pelvic anatomy and confines the mobilisation of laparoscopic devices. A more important concern is the inadvertent intraoperative rupture, resultant spillage, and dissemination of its contents with a probability of malignancy (Goudge et al. 2009; Kim et al. 2013). Therefore, a laparotomy with long midline incision is frequently performed to treat patients with extremely large ovarian cysts (diameter ≥15 cm) and subsequently causes more morbidity and unfavourable aesthetic outcome.