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Testing the female athlete
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I – Sport Testing, 2022
Kirsty M. Hicks, Anthony C. Hackney, Michael Dooley, Georgie Bruinvels
Menstrual cycle length is calculated from the first day of a menstrual bleed to the first day of the next menstrual bleed. Due to large inter- and intra-individual variability, the length of a menstrual cycle can range from 21 to 35 days. Consistent deviations from this range might indicate an irregularity (e.g., <21 days polymenorrhoea, >35 days oligomenorrhoea). Hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle create three distinct hormonal milieu: the early follicular (low oestrogen and progesterone), late follicular (high oestrogen and low progesterone) and mid-luteal (high oestrogen and high progesterone) phases. However, significant hormonal shifts occur when transitioning between phases, which might be symptomatic. Another essential time point is ovulation – a fundamental marker of a eumenorrheic cycle, which occurs approximately 36 h following the surge in luteinizing hormone.
Ultrasound in Assisted Reproductive Technology: Anatomy and Core Examination Skills
Published in Arianna D'Angelo, Nazar N. Amso, Ultrasound in Assisted Reproduction and Early Pregnancy, 2020
The normal sonographic appearance of the pelvic organs depends on knowledge of the menstrual cycle and its influence on the pelvic structures. The menstrual cycle: Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle are well documented (Figure 1.5) and detailed in Chapters 3 and 4. Uterine and endometrial morphological changes during the menstrual cycle and their sonographic appearances are reported in Chapter 3 and are not discussed further here. Similarly, ovarian changes and follicular development during the menstrual cycle and their sonographic appearances are elaborated on in Chapter 4 and are not discussed further here.
Gynaecology: Answers
Published in Euan Kevelighan, Jeremy Gasson, Makiya Ashraf, Get Through MRCOG Part 2: Short Answer Questions, 2020
Euan Kevelighan, Jeremy Gasson, Makiya Ashraf
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is the occurrence of distressing physical, behavioural and psychological symptoms in the absence of organic or psychiatric disease; the symptoms recur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and regresses by the end of menstruation (2).
Prevalence of hormonal contraceptive use and reported side effects of the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptive use in powerlifting and rugby
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2023
David Nolan, Kirsty J. Elliott-Sale, Brendan Egan
The menstrual cycle is an important biological process that occurs between menarche (first menstrual cycle and bleeding) and menopause (permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle), and is characterized in eumenorrheic women by a significant, measurable cyclical variation of endogenous sex hormones, namely estrogen and progesterone [1]. Notably, the shifting hormonal milieu experienced by eumenorrheic women may influence athletic performance at different stages of the menstrual cycle [2,3]. A large proportion of eumenorrheic women experience negative side-effects and symptoms associated with these hormonal fluctuations at different phases of the menstrual cycle [4–6], with a large proportion of athletes (i.e. 50.0% to 84.6%) perceiving the menstrual cycle to have a direct negative effect on their performance in training and competition [7,8].
Follitropin Alpha for assisted reproduction: an analysis based on a non-interventional study in Greece
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Vassilis Fragoulakis, Andreas Mantis, Nikolaos Christoforidis, Dimitrios Dovas, Spyros Deftereos, Tryfwnas Lainas, Evripidis Mantoudis, Thanos Paraschos, Dimitris Sakellariou, Evangelos Makrakis
Patients were included in the study if fulfil the following criteria: Indication and decision existed for IVF or ICSI cycle after Controlled Ovarian Hyperstimulation (COH) with recombinant FSH (Gonal-F).Age of the participant (woman) was 18–40 years.Menstrual cycle length was of 24–35 days.Woman’s basal hormone profile was normal (e.g. FSH ≤ 12 IU/L in the early follicular phase).Access existed to ejaculatory sperm.
Assessment of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in young reproductive aged women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: analogy of surrogate indices
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Nadia Rashid, Aruna Nigam, Sana Kauser, Prem Prakash, S. K. Jain, Saima Wajid
Study subjects included women of age group 16–35 years attending the outpatient department (OPD) of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, HAH Centenary Hospital, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi from August 2014 to September 2016 with menstrual and infertility complaints. Subjects fulfilling the Rotterdam criteria (2004) were recruited into the PCOS group (n = 95). Clinical hyperandrogenism was defined by the presence of hirsutism (modified Ferriman–Gallwey score of ≥8) whereas biochemical hyperandrogenism was defined by increased levels of total/free testosterone levels. In 20–35 years old females, cut-off points for hyperandrogenaemia (the 95th percentiles): serum level of total testosterone (T) – 1.68 nmol/L, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS – 10.42 mmol/L, free androgen index (FAI)) – 2.94. Amenorrhoea was defined as per FIGO guidelines as the absence of menstrual bleeding for a period of 90 days. Oligo-ovulation was defined by the presence of menstrual cycles of >35 days in length or less than 6–9 menstrual cycles in a year whereas anovulation was defined by complete absence of at least six menstrual cycles. Polycystic ovarian morphology was defined by the presence of ≥12 antral follicles measuring 9–12 mm in diameter in one/both ovaries and/or ovarian volume of ≥10 cm3 with increased stromal echogenicity.