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Mother and Embryo Cross Communication during Conception
Published in Carlos Simón, Carmen Rubio, Handbook of Genetic Diagnostic Technologies in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Anna Idelevich, Andrea Peralta, Felipe Vilella
Mucin 1 (MUC 1), a highly glycosylated, polymorphic, mucin-like protein, is secreted by the endometrial luminal epithelium. It is considered to be a “barrier to implantation.” In humans, it was shown to be expressed in the luteal phase and pre-implantation phase in a progesterone-dependent manner [103–105]. MUC 1 is more abundant in fertile than in infertile women [106]. In baboons, it was also shown to be progesterone- rather than estrogen-dependent, serving as a marker of the pre-implantation phase [107]. Of interest is a recent study investigating similarity between term pregnancy in marsupials and eutherian mammals, which found that key markers of implantation, including Mucin 1, heparin-binding EGF-like factor (HBEGF), and a range of proinflammatory factors, including IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), are consistent between species and embryo implantation has been suggested. There are transcriptome-wide similarities between the marsupial attachment reaction and implantation in rabbits and humans [108]. Specifically, the marsupial study observed an overlap in the key implantation biomarker osteopontin, which is the only consistent implantation window biomarker identified from five human microarray experiments [109].
Causes and risk factors
Published in Janetta Bensouilah, Pregnancy Loss, 2021
It has long been thought that many cases of miscarriage are secondary to an underlying endocrine imbalance, but the evidence for a clear causal link remains elusive. Luteal phase deficiency has traditionally been the focus of research in this area, and refers to insufficient progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum, resulting in inadequate preparation of the endometrium for implantation and a subsequent failure to maintain early pregnancy. However, studies have shown that there are similarities between luteal phase progesterone profiles and endometrial biopsy findings in both successful pregnancies and those that are lost.12 In cases of sporadic miscarriage with luteal phase deficiency, it is not likely to be repeated, and there is no convincing evidence that treatment of the luteal phase defect improves pregnancy outcome.10
Reproductive Biotechnologies Applied to Artificial Insemination in Swine
Published in Juan Carlos Gardón, Katy Satué, Biotechnologies Applied to Animal Reproduction, 2020
Francisco Alberto García-Vázquez, Chiara Luongo, Gabriela Garrappa, Ernesto Rodríguez Tobón
Before illustrating the possible methods to perform estrus detection, it is important to understand the oestrus cycle in porcine females. The oestrus cycle lasts 21 days and it is divided into two stages: 1) the follicular phase which is split in proestrus and oestrus (1–3 days both of them); 2) the luteal phase divided in metoestrus and dioestrus (2–3 days and 13–18 days, respectively). The estrus stage can last from 36 to 90 h, depending mainly on the age of the sow (Steverink et al., 1999), and it is characterized by hormonal changes, in particular, an increase in estrogen levels. Following the peak of estrogen (24–48 h before estrus) (Guthrie et al., 1972), vulvar edema is observed and, subsequently, 36–40 h after the first estrus signals, the ovulation occurs (Yeste and Castillo-Martín, 2013). The main rules that should be considered to perform the estrus detection are the following: 1) prefer the early hours of the morning and before feeding; 2) expose the sow to the presence and/or smell of a boar, because sows show a procreative behavior in presence of the male (de Jonge et al., 1994); 3) handle the sow calmly to allow relaxing (Sterle and Safranski, 2000).
The pharmacotherapeutic management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
Nancy Ciccone, Maya B. Kovacheff, Benicio N. Frey
Despite the fact that the current diagnostic criteria were only established and validated in 2013, there has been a fairly consistent body of research spanning almost three decades showing that this clinical condition is triggered by (normal) fluctuations of ovarian hormones in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Perhaps more importantly, converging evidence shows that PMDD is associated with higher risk for suicide/suicidal behavior and higher rates of other co-morbid psychiatric disorders, which really highlight the severe burden of this condition. From a pharmacological perspective, 33 controlled trials have clearly demonstrated efficacy of serotonin-based antidepressants as the first-line treatments of PMDD. Interestingly, opposite to what is observed in the treatment of major depression and anxiety disorders where there is a typical time lag of 2–4 weeks before significant treatment response is observed, clinical trials with intermittent use of antidepressants (luteal phase only) have also shown separation from placebo. This finding suggests that antidepressants probably act through a different mechanism in PMDD, a knowledge that health practitioners largely lack.
Systemic vascular resistance may influence the outcome of in vitro fertilization
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Francesco Galanti, Ilaria Pisani, Serena Riccio, Daniele Farsetti, Barbara Vasapollo, Gian Paolo Novelli, Donatella Miriello, Rocco Rago, Herbert Valensise
Ultra Sonic Cardiac Output Monitor (USCOM ® - Australia LTD) was used to detect the following hemodynamic parameters: stroke volume (SV), CO, heart rate (HR), SVR, inotropy index (INO) and time flow correct (TFC) [18]. USCOM evaluations were performed with the women in the supine position, after at least 5 min of rest. SVR was calculated automatically by USCOM after the introduction of SBP (systolic blood pressure) and DBP (diastolic blood pressure) according to the following formula: SVR = MBP (mmHg)/CO (L/min) × 80. SBP and DBP were measured form the brachial artery with an automatic blood pressure monitor. USCOM assessments were performed at two different moments: 1. mid-luteal phase, between seven/ten days before the beginning of menstruation and of the subsequently ovarian stimulation/endometrial preparation; 2. at the day of embryo transfer (dET). Patients were than divided according to the eventual onset of pregnancy (evaluated by a blood positive bHCG test). After the embryo-transfer, the luteal phase support was guaranteed by the administration of vaginal progesterone 800 mg/die, until at least blood β-HCG testing.
Luteal phase support for natural cycle frozen embryo transfer: a meta-analysis
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
SuQin Su, MeiFang Zeng, JinLiang Duan
In 1949, Georgeanna Jones first proposed luteal phase deficiency, a situation of insufficient progesterone that resulted in the premature onset of menses [1]. With the coming of in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment, Edwards and Steptoe first recognized that the luteal phase is not sufficient in stimulated IVF cycles through analyzing IVF failure cases [2]. Currently, there is a growing consensus that luteal phase deficiency in stimulated IVF cycles is associated with the supraphysiological concentrations of estradiol and progesterone secreted by multi follicular development during the early luteal phase. Supraphysiological estradiol and progesterone directly inhibit LH release via negative feedback actions at the level of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis which effect is markedly potentiated [3]. In this way, the luteal phase in stimulated IVF cycles is shortened (known as premature luteolysis). The successful outcome of early pregnancy depends on progesterone, which is primarily produced by corpus luteum (CL) in the first 7 weeks of pregnancy and almost completely after the 9th week of pregnancy from the trophoblast [4]. Therefore, luteal phase deficiency had a negative impact on normal embryo implantation and growth, which decreased the chances of pregnancy.