China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Fetal programming
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Katherine E. Pelch, Jana L. Allison, Susan C. Nagel
Progesterone is a necessary component to maintain a healthy pregnancy. From the earliest stages of pregnancy, progesterone assists in implantation and supports pregnancy by formation of the corpus luteum. While endogenous progesterone is essential, it is still unclear what long-term effects may occur from the use of exogenous progesterone.
Hemorrhagic and Ruptured Ovarian Cysts and Acute Complications of Uterine Fibroids
Published in Botros Rizk, A. Mostafa Borahay, Abdel Maguid Ramzy, Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Gynecologic Emergencies, 2020
Youssef Youssef, Mostafa A. Borahay
The exact etiology of cyst rupture is not clear; however, the increased vascularity in the luteal phase may predispose the corpus luteal cyst to rupture [4]. The ovary has an outer cortex rich in primordial follicles and an inner vascular medulla. Under the influence of hormonal changes during the ovarian cycle, the avascular granulosa cells and stromal cells are vascularized. At the time of ovulation, the LH surge leads to Graafian follicle rupture, resulting in mid-cycle pain commonly referred as mittelschmerz pain, thought to be due to release of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured leading follicle. The stromal cells are luteinized, and the granulosa cell layer becomes vascularized. The vessels within the corpus luteum wall are thin and tend to bleed, forming a hemorrhagic cyst. The ovary is surrounded by a thin connective tissue layer called the tunica albuginea. The ovarian tunica is thin and malleable, which then allows distention of the ovary by growing follicles. As the tunica distends, stretched blood vessels subsequently tear, resulting in an insignificant amount of bleeding. However, bleeding from larger vessels would result in much more substantial pain and would also result in hemoperitoneum [2, 5].
Ectopic Pregnancy and Pregnancy of Unknown Location
Published in Arianna D'Angelo, Nazar N. Amso, Ultrasound in Assisted Reproduction and Early Pregnancy, 2020
The first case of ovarian pregnancy was reported in 1876 [175]. Women with ovarian pregnancy most commonly present with pelvic pain with or without vaginal bleeding early in gestation due to ovarian tissue invasion by the trophoblastic tissue, while a ruptured ovarian pregnancy can present with severe lower abdominal pain and signs of acute abdomen. These signs and symptoms are similar to tubal ectopic gestation or ruptured hemorrhagic corpus luteum cyst. In one study, two-thirds of ovarian ectopics were diagnosed clinically as hemorrhagic corpus luteum [178–181]. Sonographic features are shown in Box 17.8 [65,139,182–185] (Figures 17. 24–17.26).
Apigenin exerts protective effect and restores ovarian function in dehydroepiandrosterone induced polycystic ovary syndrome rats: a biochemical and histological analysis
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Fangxin Peng, Yichuan Hu, Shu Peng, Ni Zeng, Lei Shi
Histological study helps in assessing the ovarian changes due to PCOS. In the present study the ovaries of PCOS induced rats showed presence of number of large cysts with decreased oocyte, hyperplasia of granulosa and theca layer along with enhanced atresia of follicles, the features were in agreement to earlier reports [54]. The corpus luteum is reported to play crucial role in secretion of progesterone which is responsible for regulating the reproductive cycles and also prepares the uterus for conception [55]. The reduction in number of tertiary and secondary follicles results in overproduction of androgens which obstructs the maturation process of follicles [54]. Contrarily the treatment of Apigenin and MTF in PCOS rats showed significant recovery of ovarian tissues which was evidenced by significant decrease in formation of cysts, regularity of luteinization and development of antral follicles [54]. It was also observed that treatment resulted in prominent antrum devoid of any cellular debris. The PCOS rats receiving treatment of Apigenin and MTF showed proliferation of number of healthy follicles in the ovarian cortex associated with improved vascularisation of thecal layer. The treated rats also showed increased corpus lutea suggesting renovation of oestrous cycle and normal functioning [54–56]. More studies are required for evaluating the molecular mechanisms associated with the beneficial effect of this useful flavonoid in PCOS.
Severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome induced by clomiphene: a case report
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
OHSS is a serious complication caused by ovulation induction, which is related to the type, dosage, and treatment course of ovulation induction drugs. It is manifested as ovarian enlargement, ascites, blood concentration, hypercoagulability, and electrolyte disorder, and so on. Severe OHSS could cause serious complications, such as pleural fluid, acute renal insufficiency, and venous thrombosis. In this case, ovarian enlargement was present in this patient, manifested by the formation of corpus luteum cysts. In addition, pleural fluid and ascites were present due to increased capillary permeability. Although there was no renal damage or venous thrombosis, the symptom of obvious pleural fluid was classified as severe OHSS. The incidence of severe OHSS is low, and the incidence of severe OHSS in patients receiving ovulation induction therapy is about 0.1%-2% [1].
Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical changes in interstitial cells and ovarian follicles of rats with polycystic ovaries treated with clomiphene citrate
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2021
Leonardo Augusto Lombardi, Leandro Sabará Mattos, Ricardo Santos Simões, Rinaldo Florencio-Silva, Manuel de Jesus Simões, Paulo Celso Franco, Adriana Aparecida Ferraz Carbonell, Gisela Rodrigues da Silva Sasso, Edmund Chada Baracat, José Maria Soares-Jr
The morphological results showed the lack of corpus luteum and the presence of multiple ovarian cysts in the GPCOS group. Numerous clusters of cells containing large and bulky nuclei and well-evident nucleoli were also observed in the GPCOS group. These cells were organized as spherical and cord-like structures with epithelioid aspect, which are typical characteristics of interstitial cells (Figure 1). On the other hand, it was observed in the CC-treated group the presence of corpus luteum, as well as an increase in the number of primary and antral follicles (Figure 1 and Table 1). A significant reduction in number of cysts and in the area occupied by interstitial cells, along with a decrease in nuclear volume of interstitial cells, was noticed in the CC-treated group (Table 1).