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Postmenopause
Published in Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau, Beyond Menopause, 2023
Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau
Many FDA-approved bioidentical hormones are on the market. For example, estradiol (E2) is preferred by many practitioners as a first-choice bioidentical estrogen. The addition of progesterone to estrogen therapy is needed if a woman has a uterus to prevent uterine cancer. Progesterone in the form of micronized progesterone (Prometrium) is a commercially available, FDA-approved, bioidentical product. Progestins and progestogens are synthetic progesterone.
Endocrine Disorders, Contraception, and Hormone Therapy during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Progestins are a group of chemically related hormones with similar actions. Progesterone is the only natural progestin and is not well absorbed by the oral route unless given in micronized form. Synthetic progestins structurally related to progesterone are more commonly used. Low-dose progestins are used for contraception with an estrogen, and are used in the therapy of menstrual disorders at higher doses. In the 1960s and 1970s much higher doses of progesterones were used for oral contraception (Schardein, 2000), and are currently used to treat threatened abortion.
Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Estrogens are female hormones of which estradiol is the most potent. They maintain the female reproductive tissues in a fully functional condition, promote the estrous state of preparedness for mating, and stimulate development of the mammary glands and of other feminine characteristics. Progesterone is a hormone secreted by the female reproductive system that functions mainly to regulate the condition of the inner lining (endometrium) of the uterus. Progesterone is produced by the ovaries, placenta, and adrenal glands. In the ovaries the site of progesterone production is the corpus luteum. Progesterone prepares the wall of the uterus to accept a fertilized egg that can be implanted and developed into a fetus. Testosterone is an androgen hormone that primarily influences the growth and development of the male reproductive system. It is produced by the male testes (66, 134–135).
A focused report on progestogen hypersensitivity
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Diti H. Patel, Lauren M. Fine, Jonathan A. Bernstein
Progesterone, the main progestogen in the human body, is a steroid hormone derived from cholesterol, and is uniquely composed of 21-carbon atoms. The term ‘progestogen’ refers to any natural or synthetic form of progesterone. The term ‘progestin’ is specific for synthetic progestogens. Progesterone has a spectrum of metabolic and physiologic roles on various organ systems, especially within the reproductive system. It is produced by granulosa cells in the corpus luteum, and one of its primary responsibilities is the maintenance of the endometrial thickness prior to menses. The increase in progesterone during the menstrual cycle occurs due to a luteal hormone (LH) surge, marking the beginning of the luteal phase. When pregnancy occurs, the placenta becomes the primary source of progesterone at around 10 weeks gestation. Progesterone plays a vital role in maintaining the uterus during pregnancy by decreasing the myometrial tone, increasing spiral artery development, and inhibiting prolactin release. Aside from its responsibilities in the reproductive system, progesterone acts on the hypothalamus to increase body temperature and help regulate the immune system. This latter function occurs through the production of inflammatory cytokines by T lymphocytes [4,5] as well as binding to progesterone receptors on mast cells [6]. However, it is still unclear if and how the impact of progesterone on the immune system in normal biology may contribute to the development of hypersensitivity response to progesterone.
Effects of different doses of estrogen on ER expression and ovarian function in patients with unexplained recurrent abortion
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Yamin Qiu, Jie Lin, Qing Xu, Linhua Zeng, Chao Liu
Recurrent abortion refers to two or more consecutive abortions (less than 20 weeks of gestation), which accounts for about 0.8% of the total number of women of childbearing age [1]. In addition to genetic defects, reproductive system abnormalities, endocrine disorders, immune factors, infection, systemic diseases, and environmental factors [2], the occurrence of this disease is related to about 50% of patients with no cause, which is called Unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). Recent studies have shown that the occurrence of URSA may be related to the abnormal expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) [3]. Kelly [4] has confirmed that has confirmed that the content of estrogen and progesterone receptors ER and PR in the decidua tissue of patients with recurrent miscarriage is reduced. Supplementing estradiol and progesterone can increase the content of receptors in the endometrium and improve endometrial responsiveness [5]. At present, in clinical treatment, the most widely used estrogen and progesterone sequential regimen is the treatment, but the dosage of progesterone is relatively uniform, and there has been no uniform standard for the use of estrogen. In this study, we used different doses of steroid therapy for URSA patients to observe the clinical efficacy and provide a clinical reference method for URSA's intervention treatment.
Association between progesterone treatment and neonatal outcome in preterm births: a retrospective analysis
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2022
Shir Danieli-Gruber, Gal Greenberg, Shirley Shechter, Asaf Romano, Anat Shmueli, Shiri Barbash-Hazan, Ron Bardin, Eyal Krispin, Eran Hadar
Progesterone is used during pregnancy to prevent preterm birth in women at risk. It has also been shown to have anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties (Szekeres-Bartho et al. 2001; Fukuyama et al. 2012; Ma'ayeh et al. 2019). We hypothesised that infants born prematurely despite prophylactic progesterone treatment might still benefit from the effects of progesterone in terms of neonatal complications. Neonatal complications in cases of failed progesterone prophylaxis have hardly been investigated in the literature. However, the results showed that gestational age at birth and birth weight were lower in the women treated with progesterone compared to controls, and rates of neonatal infectious composite outcome, NICU admission, PVL and mechanical ventilation were higher. On multivariate analysis, the only independent risk factors for a neonatal infectious composite outcome were early gestational age at delivery and antenatal corticosteroid treatment.