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Haematological Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Blood consists of red cells (erythrocytes), white cells (leucocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes) suspended in plasma (Figure 15.1). Depending on the test needing to be performed, clotted or unclotted blood can be collected from patients by using different collection tubes which contain varying reagents. Clotting can be prevented by adding a calcium chelator (ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid [EDTA] or citrate). Blood collected in EDTA is used to determine the full blood count (FBC).
Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Every cell in the body contains fluid. When cells lose their fluid, they quickly shrink and die. On the other hand, when cells take in too much fluid, they swell and burst apart (170). About two-thirds of the body’s fluid is held within the walls of cells and is therefore called intracellular fluid. The remaining third of the body’s fluid is referred to as extracellular fluid because it flows outside of the cells (170). There are two types of extracellular fluid: interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid. Interstitial fluid flows between the cells that make up a particular tissue or organ, such as muscle fibers or the liver (170). Intravascular fluid is the water in the bloodstream and lymph. Plasma is specifically the extracellular fluid portion of blood that transports blood cells within the body’s arteries, veins, and capillaries (170).
Components of Nutrition
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Proteins perform crucial functions. For example, insulin, mentioned earlier and having fifty-one amino acids, is the hormone that tells cells to admit glucose.69 In this way, insulin regulates the amounts of glucose inside and outside cells. Insulin also regulates glucose by telling the liver to store excess for release when the sugar becomes scarce in blood. Heme proteins, defined by the presence of iron (Fe), shuttle molecules and electrons throughout the body. Hemoglobin, a component of red blood cells, brings oxygen to cells and removes carbon dioxide for transport to the lungs. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, though human respiration emits little compared to factories and automobiles. The protein keratin helps form hair and skin. Proteins known as enzymes catalyze the body’s reactions. For example, enzymes pepsin and trypsin aid protein digestion by catalyzing cleavage of amino acid peptide bonds, mentioned earlier. Integral to the immune system, proteins that combat pathogens are known as antibodies. Attention has focused on the protein interferon, which targets viruses.
Relationship between maternal ABO blood groups and pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective cohort study in Dongguan, China
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Jing-Yun Yu, Bi Jiang, Xin-Jian Zhang, Si-Si Wei, Wei-Chao He
The ABO blood groups, discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1900, include four major ‘ABO’ phenotypes—‘A’, ‘B’, ‘O’ and ‘AB’ (Huang et al. 2017). ABO blood types are the most important blood groups in medicine and are defined by the carbohydrate moiety displayed on the surface of red blood cells and attached to the precursor H substance (Huang et al. 2017). In addition to red blood cells, blood group antigens can also be found on white blood cells, some tissues, plasma proteins, platelets and various cell surface enzymes, and even in body fluids (Abegaz 2021). Correlations between blood type and some diseases may exist because of the presence of blood group antigens. In 1953, it was first reported that there is a statistically significant association between blood type A and the risk of gastric cancer (Aird et al. 1953). Since then, research on the relationship between blood types and diseases has been continuous. Various studies on the correlation between specific blood types and various infectious and non-infectious diseases have been reported (Chen et al. 2016; Abegaz 2021).
The pulsatile 3D-Hemodynamics in a doubly afflicted human descending abdominal artery with iliac branching
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Sumit Kumar, S. K. Rai, B.V. Rathish Kumar, Om Shankar
Finite volume method under ANSYS–FLUENT fluid flow solver is used for investigating computational blood flow dynamics in the human descending aorta with AAA, RIIAS and multiple branches. In human body blood is made up of blood cells embedded in plasma. Plasma, which accounts for 55% of blood, is primarily water (92% by volume) and contains dispersed proteins, carbohydrates, hormones, mineral ions, and blood cells themselves. Red blood cells are microscopic semisolid particles that raise the viscosity of blood and influence fluid behaviour. It has been found that plasma acts like a Newtonian fluid, but entire blood exhibits non-Newtonian behaviour. Blood flow exhibits non-Newtonian characteristics such as shear thinning, viscoelasticity, thixotropy, and yield stress, according to years of experimental research (Baskurt and Meiselman 2003; Yilmaz and Gundogdu 2008; Romano et al. 2020a).
The role of artificial cells in the fight against COVID-19: deliver vaccine, hemoperfusion removes toxic cytokines, nanobiotherapeutics lower free radicals and pCO2 and replenish blood supply
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2022
Nanobiotherapeutics have been developed originally as red blood cell substitutes. Red blood cells have three major functions: (1) transport oxygen from the lung to the tissue, (2) remove damaging oxygen radicals and (3) carry carbon dioxide CO2. from the tissue to the lung to be removed. This has been developed in 3 progressing steps: Step 1. Oxygen carrier; Step 2. oxygen carrier with antioxidant properties and Step 3. oxygen carrier with antioxidant function and CO2 removal functions. Originally these are only to replace red blood cells and not to function as nanobiotherapeutics. We have recently prepared a nanobiotherapeutic with up to 6 times enhancement of red blood cell functions by using enzyme concentration of superoxide dismutase catalase and carbonic anhydrase that are six times that of rbc. This can now function also as a nanobiotherapeutic to enhance the removal of oxygen radicals and CO [46–48].