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Anemia
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Anemias are a group of diseases characterized by a significant reduction in the amount of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin, resulting in a corresponding decrease in the blood’s oxygen carrying capacity to the cells and tissues. Anemia is the most common blood disorder in the world, affecting more than three million individuals and is often a sign of underlying pathology. If the anemia onset is gradual, a person may not be symptomatic until the hemoglobin level is less than 8 gm/dL.1 Symptoms often include fatigue, pale skin, rapid heart beat or palpitations, poor appetite, shortness of breath, and dizziness. There are many different types and causes of anemia.
Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms for Cancer Diagnosis
Published in Sandeep Kumar, Anand Nayyar, Anand Paul, Swarm Intelligence and Evolutionary Algorithms in Healthcare and Drug Development, 2019
Bandana Mahapatra, Anand Nayyar
Leukemia: The leukemia or “liquid cancers” are the cancers of bone marrows which cause an overproduction of white blood cells in the patient’s body. The white blood cells produced in the body are immature in nature failing to protect the body from infections. Hence the patients suffering from leukemia are often prone to infections. The leukemia also affects the RBC in the blood resulting in poor blood clotting as well as tiredness due to anemia. Myelogenous or granulocytic leukemia malignancy found in myloid and granulocytic WBC series.Lymphatic/lymphocytic or lymphoblastic leukemia: Here abnormality can be seen in lymphoid, lymphocytic blood cell series.Polycythemia vera or erythremia (here the abnormality of the varying blood cells products while the RBCs are predominant [17,18].Lymphoma: The lymphoma occurs in glands or nodes of the lymphatic system, network of vessels, nodes, and organs (like spleen, tonsil, thymus etc.), which contributes in purification of body fluids resulting in production of white blood cells or lymphocytes. The lymphomatic cancers are also termed as solid cancers. The lymphomas may even occur in specific organs like stomach, breast, brain; these lymphomas are even referred to as extraordinary lymphomas.
Platelet Disorders Douglas Triplett
Published in Genesio Murano, Rodger L. Bick, Basic Concepts of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, 2019
In polycythemia rubra vera, one finds a peripheral thrombocytosis in about 50% of the patients at the time of diagnosis.269 The degree of thrombocythemia is usually modest, being in the range of 450,000 to 1,000,000. However, patients with normal or only moderately elevated platelet counts may develop significant reactive thrombocytosis following phlebotomy or spontaneous bleeding. Thrombosis and/or hemorrhage together account for approximately 30 to 50% of the deaths in treated patients with polycythemia rubra vera.272 The seemingly paradoxical occurrence of both hemorrhage and thrombosis in a patient with an elevated platelet count has been puzzling. However, in the recent literature a number of disorders of platelet function and morphology have been described in the myeloproliferative syndromes. In many cases, there can be either massive gastrointestinal bleeding requiring emergency surgery or occult gastrointestinal bleeding, which will result in an iron deficiency state with hypochromic microcytic red blood cells on the peripheral smear. The red blood cell count will remain in the vicinity of six to eight million, and often as a result of the iron deficiency, the hematocrit and hemoglobin will fall within the normal range.
The role of artificial cells in the fight against COVID-19: deliver vaccine, hemoperfusion removes toxic cytokines, nanobiotherapeutics lower free radicals and pCO2 and replenish blood supply
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2022
Nanobiotherapeutics have been developed originally as red blood cell substitutes. Red blood cells have three major functions: (1) transport oxygen from the lung to the tissue, (2) remove damaging oxygen radicals and (3) carry carbon dioxide CO2. from the tissue to the lung to be removed. This has been developed in 3 progressing steps: Step 1. Oxygen carrier; Step 2. oxygen carrier with antioxidant properties and Step 3. oxygen carrier with antioxidant function and CO2 removal functions. Originally these are only to replace red blood cells and not to function as nanobiotherapeutics. We have recently prepared a nanobiotherapeutic with up to 6 times enhancement of red blood cell functions by using enzyme concentration of superoxide dismutase catalase and carbonic anhydrase that are six times that of rbc. This can now function also as a nanobiotherapeutic to enhance the removal of oxygen radicals and CO [46–48].
Higher body mass index raises immature platelet count: potential contribution to obesity-related thrombosis
Published in Platelets, 2022
Lucy J. Goudswaard, Laura J. Corbin, Kate L. Burley, Andrew Mumford, Parsa Akbari, Nicole Soranzo, Adam S. Butterworth, Nicholas A. Watkins, Dimitri J. Pournaras, Jessica Harris, Nicholas J. Timpson, Ingeborg Hers
Platelets are blood cells which are essential for the cessation of bleeding upon injury to a blood vessel and are involved in thrombosis and progression of cardiovascular disease [6]. When pathologically activated, platelets can aggregate to form thrombi thereby occluding arteries and triggering a myocardial infarction or stroke [6]. Platelet hyperactivity can be an indicator of those who may be at an increased risk of thrombosis [7]. There is evidence that people with a higher BMI have hyperactive platelets [8,9], which could explain why a higher BMI is linked to an increase in thrombosis. Mechanisms of platelet hyperactivity are unclear, but it is possible that changes in platelet numbers, size, and immaturity may play a role. Furthermore, an alteration in circulating metabolites or proteins induced by obesity could modulate the activation of platelets [10].
A Novel Compound Plumercine from Plumeria alba Exhibits Promising Anti-Leukemic Efficacies against B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Aaheli Chatterjee, Amrita Pal, Santanu Paul
Leukemia, otherwise known as blood cancer is a type of haematological malignancy that is characterized by uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells (1). The increased percentage of the abnormal WBCs, in turn, reduces the ability of the bone marrow cells and cuts down the production of platelets and red blood cells leading to effects of cytopenia (2). Leukemia is mainly of two types: acute and chronic. Out of them, childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is one of the first commonly diagnosed haematological malignant diseases that have been considered as a paradigm for cancer research for the last few decades by conducting wide-ranging therapeutic trials (3) ALL is a commonly diagnosed pediatric malignant hematologic disease that leads to uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoblast precursor cells (4). ALL are of two types, Precursor B cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia or B ALL and T cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia or T ALL (5).