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Overview of Traditional Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Women-Associated Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Malika Ranjan, Namyaa Kumar, Safiya Arfi, Shazia Rashid
Breast cancer is the type of cancer originating from the cell lining of the milk-forming ducts of the breast (ductal carcinoma) or from lobules in the glandular tissue of the breast (lobular carcinoma). Breast cancer has several subtypes based on the expression level of the receptors such as progesterone, estrogen and HER-2/neu (human epidermal growth factor receptor), and are classified into three groups [14]: Hormone receptor (estrogen and progesterone) sensitive (ER+ or PR+).Human epidermal growth factor–sensitive (HER2+).Triple-negative breast cancer (ER−, PR−, HER2−).The main factors that influence the risk for breast cancer in women include old age, genetic mutations, reproductive history, personal history of breast/ovarian cancer or any non-cancerous breast diseases, previous treatment involving radiation therapy and other lifestyle factors (diet, weight, alcohol consumption). Thus, regular screening mammography at the age of 40 and above might reduce the risk of breast cancer mortality in average-risk women.
A worrying lump
Published in Tim French, Terry Wardle, The Problem-Based Learning Workbook, 2022
Breast cancer is treated with a combination of surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and endocrine therapy. Which treatment, or combination of treatments is used depends on many factors, including the tumour stage, patient age, and patient preference.
Chemotherapy in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Treatment for patients with breast cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. The use of radiation treatment is best avoided whenever possible at any time during pregnancy. Doses lower than 1Gy have been associated with increases in the rate of mental retardation and are most pronounced when the fetus is exposed in the first trimester (11). Surgery, however, is thought to be safe and can be performed at any time during the pregnancy. As with all cancers, it is generally preferred to wait until after 12 weeks of gestation to perform surgery, avoiding the coincident association with a spontaneous abortion.
Co-delivery of paclitaxel (PTX) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by targeting lipid nanoemulsions for cancer therapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Bo Li, Tingfei Tan, Weiwei Chu, Ying Zhang, Yuanzi Ye, Shanshan Wang, Yan Qin, Jihui Tang, Xi Cao
Breast cancer has a high morbidity and mortality rate that seriously threatens the health and lives of women throughout the world (Ma et al., 2019). Chemotherapy, hormone therapy, surgery, and radiation therapy are usually treatment for breast cancer. However, chemotherapy is usually accompanied by high toxicity and has many side effects. In addition, many studies have reported that tumor resistance is another challenge for chemotherapy drugs. Recently, studies have proposed therapeutic treatment strategies that combines two or more drugs for the treatment of breast cancer and this treatment strategies are considered to have a better efficacy, while reducing their side effects, enhancing the efficacy, and improving targeting efficiency. However, these treatment strategies often fails to achieve of the desired efficacy due to the different pharmacokinetics, disparate release behavior and problems with tissue targeting of the respective drugs (Yuan et al., 2008). In this study, nanocarriers can co-encapsulate two or more drugs in DDS with a controlled manner, and can target tumor tissues through the EPR effect and ligand modified, showing significant superiority compared with traditional combination therapy.
Current status of biopsy markers for the breast in clinical settings
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Elian A. Martin, Neeraj Chauhan, Vijian Dhevan, Elias George, Partha Laskar, Meena Jaggi, Subhash C. Chauhan, Murali M. Yallapu
A breast biopsy is essential for the management of suspicious breast lesions or abnormalities of the breast such as lumps and/or changes in size, shape, and skin color. About 175,000 women undergo breast-conserving surgery every year with 30% of them undergoing repeated surgery due to post-surgical margin status in the United States [1]. During assessment or screening of clinical abnormalities, often an image guided surgical or radiological biopsy procedure is involved, which removes a portion of suspect breast tissue for surgical pathologic evaluation [2]. During such procedures, placing of a breast tissue marker has become a standard practice in clinical care [3]. A breast biopsy marker or breast marker is a small device made up of surgical-grade material such as titanium or stainless steel that is placed in the area where biopsy tissue is removed by way of image guidance. The use of breast markers has become a key component of patient management [4]. The breast biopsy markers allow physicians to distinguish between tissue that has or has not been biopsied before. The placement of biopsy markers also differentiates various biopsied lesions within the tissue of the same breast. This differentiation averts physicians from performing biopsy on the same tissue twice preventing unnecessary discomfort, time, complications, and increased cost to patients [5].
Formulation, biopharmaceutical evaluation and in-vitro screening of polyherbal phytosomes for breast cancer therapy
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Lalitha K. Govindaram, Mohammed Al Bratty, Hassan A. Alhazmi, Ruckmani Kandasamy, Neelaveni Thangavel, Angum M. Ibrahim, Gover Antoniraj Mariya, Ponnuchamy Kumar
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death among women aged 45–55 years. The risk factors associated with breast cancer include age, hormonal changes, and stress. The prevalence of breast cancer as reported in 2015, especially for Arab women gets increased annually, every year, for the past 24 years [1]. Surgery/complete affected tissue removal, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy often remain the standard choice for breast cancer treatment. The major problems associated with chemotherapy are severe side effects. Whereas radiation therapy produces reactive free radicals, which cause DNA damage leading to cell death and genomic damage in the stem cells [2]. As per WHO evaluation, 80% of the population in the emerging countries depend widely on traditional medicine for their prime healthcare and Saudi Arabia has a promising record for ethnopharmacological knowledge [3]. In this perspective, an herbal formulation with potent anticancer activity may serve as a good alternative for chemotherapy due to its avoidance of toxicity or it may also serve as a good adjuvant for breast cancer treatment by decreasing the resultant harmfulness of the drug [4,5].