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Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Estrogens are female hormones of which estradiol is the most potent. They maintain the female reproductive tissues in a fully functional condition, promote the estrous state of preparedness for mating, and stimulate development of the mammary glands and of other feminine characteristics. Progesterone is a hormone secreted by the female reproductive system that functions mainly to regulate the condition of the inner lining (endometrium) of the uterus. Progesterone is produced by the ovaries, placenta, and adrenal glands. In the ovaries the site of progesterone production is the corpus luteum. Progesterone prepares the wall of the uterus to accept a fertilized egg that can be implanted and developed into a fetus. Testosterone is an androgen hormone that primarily influences the growth and development of the male reproductive system. It is produced by the male testes (66, 134–135).
Prediction of Cervical Cancer Using Machine Learning
Published in Meenu Gupta, Rachna Jain, Arun Solanki, Fadi Al-Turjman, Cancer Prediction for Industrial IoT 4.0: A Machine Learning Perspective, 2021
Ashish Kumar, Revant Singh Rai, Mehdi Gheisari
The cervix is an important part of the female reproductive system, along with the fallopian tubes, uterus, ovaries, vagina, and vulva. It forms the lower part of the uterus, which is why it is also called the neck of the uterus. It is shaped like a cone-shaped wedge, separating the uterus from the vagina.
Role of hormones in human breast development: the menopausal breast
Published in Barry G. Wren, Progress in the Management of the Menopause, 2020
The human breast, which at birth is a rudimentary bilateral organ, develops as the result of a combination of external and internal factors, all of which are intimately linked to the female reproductive system1. These factors, in turn, are modified by cultural, socioeconomic and environmental influences. Thus, in modern industrialized societies the fundamental role of the breast, nourishment of the offspring, becomes progressively less relevant, but at the same time this organ acquires new relevance because it constitutes the source of the most frequent malignancy in women. The higher risk of developing breast cancer has been associated with lengthened ovarian function, such as that occurring with early menarche and late menopause2–8. The increased risk associated with nulliparity or late first full-term pregnancy, or the protection afforded by early first full-term pregnancy are an indication that reproductive events, mainly through the hormonal influences of the new endocrine organ represented by the placenta, play important roles in modulating the susceptibility of the breast to undergo malignant transformation1.
Pregnancy, labor, and delivery outcomes of women with and without spinal cord injury
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Amie B. McLain, Lena Zhang, Jan Troncale, Yu Ying Chen, Claire Kalpakjan
In 2019 The National Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Statistical Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham reported that women account for 19.6%1 of all individuals entered into the National SCI Model System database since its origination in 1975. The prevalence of women with traumatic spinal cord injury living in the United States continues to increase and is estimated at almost 50,000.2 Nontraumatic injuries (both female and male) are estimated to be 1.2 million.3 Due to the expanding population of women with traumatic and nontraumatic SCI, understanding the medical management of women with SCI during their reproductive time of life is imperative for health care providers.4–6 This includes knowledge about (1) the secondary conditions that occur after SCI, which may have a dramatic effect on obstetrical outcomes, and (2) the female reproductive neuro-endocrine system – especially during pregnancy–which may affect acute and long-term neural consequences of traumatic SCI. These interrelationships of the female reproductive system and the neural-SCI adaptations7 form an evidence-based, SCI-Disability-Pregnancy Paradigm of Care (Figure 1) encompassing: (1) secondary complications related to SCI, (2) medical/maternal conditions during pregnancy, labor, and delivery (i.e. maternal age, previous pregnancies, prenatal nutritional and medical health), (3) fetal health complications, (4) post-partum issues, and (5) psychosocial considerations.
The role of obstetrician-gynecologists and reproductive endocrinologists in the blood glucose management of polycystic ovary syndrome
Published in Gynecological Endocrinology, 2022
Yue Wang, Ruilin Ma, Ying Zou, Wei Wang, Qingmei Zheng, Ying Feng, Han Dong, Zhangyun Tan, Xiaoqin Zeng, Yinqing Zhao, Yan Deng, Yanfang Wang, Bei Gu, Aijun Sun
Several online surveys have mainly focused on physician’s practices regarding diagnosing and managing PCOS [23–25]. Little data exists on blood glucose management in PCOS patients. Although blood glucose abnormality is a common feature in PCOS patients, many doctors still have doubts about blood glucose evaluation in their diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, we investigated the usual practices of reproductive endocrinologists (Repro-Endo) and obstetrician-gynecologists (non-reproductive medicine specialty, OB-Gyn) in diagnosing, assessing, and treating IR in patients with PCOS. Obstetrician treats pregnancy, while, gynecologists focus on the uterus, ovaries, and other organs of the female reproductive system. Instead, reproductive endocrinologists diagnose and treat infertility. Our study aims at promoting evidence-based care, patient satisfaction, and minimizing long-term morbidity in women with PCOS.
Three-dimensional bioprinting of artificial ovaries by an extrusion-based method using gelatin-methacryloyl bioink
Published in Climacteric, 2022
T. Wu, Y. Y. Gao, J. Su, X. N. Tang, Q. Chen, L. W. Ma, J. J. Zhang, J. M. Wu, S. X. Wang
The ovary is the endocrine organ of the female reproductive system and controls follicular development and sex steroid secretion [1]. The onset of puberty, establishment of the menstrual cycle and menopausal conditions are all associated with the state of the ovary [2–4]. However, pathologies such as malignant tumor, primary ovarian diseases and autoimmune diseases can disrupt hormone secretion and follicular development [5–8]. Furthermore, iatrogenic conditions due to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and oophorectomy can also damage ovarian function to a degree, resulting in premature menstruation or amenorrhea, as well as decreased fertility [5]. Disorders of the ovary are also responsible for many mental/psychological issues and organ dysfunction, such as osteoporosis, cognitive decline and cardiovascular disease. As a means to treat these conditions, bioengineering artificial ovaries that mimic natural ovaries are of potentially far-reaching significance. Bioengineered ovaries are designed to integrate into the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovary axis and provide optimal microenvironments for follicular growth [9].