China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Pediatric and Fetal Autopsies
Published in Cristoforo Pomara, Vittorio Fineschi, Forensic and Clinical Forensic Autopsy, 2020
Stefano D’Errico, Angelo Montana, Giulio Di Mizio, Monica Salerno
The mesenteric attachments are examined, and the position of the appendix is noted. In a female, the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries are identified. In a male, the testes are located and may be in the abdomen, the inguinal canal, or the scrotal sac.
Carcinoma of the Vagina and Vulva
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Sadaf Ghaem-Maghami, Kostas Lathouras
These very rare tumors may resemble rhabdomyosarcomata, but histology shows a primitive adenocarcinoma. Most occur in infants below the age of 2. Treatment with chemotherapy is as for germ-cell tumors of the testis or ovary.
General Surgery
Published in Kristen Davies, Shadaba Ahmed, Core Conditions for Medical and Surgical Finals, 2020
The major investigation for differentiating between the causes of a groin lump is a USS. Indications for an urgent USS scan of the groin and tests include a hydrocele detected in a man 20–34 years of age (highest risk for testicular cancer), body of testis cannot be distinguished, cannot distinguish whether swelling is testicular or extra-testicular, persistent testicular symptoms, history of trauma/scrotal pain or diagnostic uncertainty. If you suspect a sinister cause for a groin lump (e.g. widespread lymphadenopathy in haematological malignancy or hard testis in testicular cancer), then bloods should be taken looking at white blood counts or testicular cancer tumour markers (B-hCG, AFP, LDH).
Gender trend of monkeypox virus infection
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Aliya Orassay, Ansal Diassova, Alan Berdigaliyev, Dongsheng Liu, Zhandaulet Makhmutova, Amr Amin, Yingqiu Xie
We first found that the majority of West African Clade of MPXV-infected population are male population using multiple cohort data sets. This trend was practically observed in recent times when the mpox outbreak has prevailed with the gender (Figure 1a,b). A study showed that 99% of patients of mpox in the US until 27 July 2022, were men [2]. Few studies have shown that MPV infections are linked to men in the gender minority community. Endocrine profile difference is observed between male and female populations, where men have a relatively higher testosterone level than women. Biological factors such as gender are the main contributor to the testosterone level difference between males and females. After birth, before puberty, testosterone levels are similar in boys and girls. When males reach puberty, the testes start to secrete more testosterone. The low level of testosterone remains in the female population [3]. Competition and wielding power tend to increase testosterone levels. The higher level within a male population may be due to men performing this behavior to a greater extent compared to females [4], but in gender minority populations, the factors remain elusive for linking to the mpox while the MPXV may be found in male sex hormone-associated reproductive organs or tissues.
Balancing efficacy with long-term side-effects: can we safely de-escalate therapy for germ cell tumors?
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2023
Patients with stage 1 disease now form most cases. The risk factors for recurrence of testicular cancer (including lymphovascular invasion, size, and involvement of the rete testis) as well as the relative benefits of chemotherapy are well established. Efforts to de-escalate treatment while preserving efficacy have been successful in this disease setting. One cycle of BEP is considered the standard adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk stage I non-seminoma, following a series of randomized clinical trials, the most recent being the 111 study [8]. One course of carboplatin AUC7 is considered standard adjuvant chemotherapy in stage I seminoma [9]. In patients at low risk of recurrence, chemotherapy can still be offered, but patient autonomy must be taken into account following the provision of thorough information regarding the relative benefits and disadvantages of alternative management strategies. We focus predominantly on patients with metastatic germ cell tumors by virtue of cumulative toxicity. Any discussion focused on Stage 1 disease will be explicitly highlighted.
Protective effect of indomethacin on vanadium-induced adrenocortical and testicular damages in rat
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Rituparna Ghosh, Samudra Prosad Banik
Immediately after removal, the testes were fixed in Bouin's fluid and embedded in paraffin. Sections of 5 µm thickness were taken from the mid portion of each testis and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and examined under a light microscope. Quantitative analysis of spermatogenesis was carried out by counting the relative number of each variety of germ-cells at stage VII of the seminiferous epithelium cycle, i.e. type-A spermatogonia (ASg), preleptotene spermatocytes (pLSc), mid pachytene spermatocytes (mPSc) and step 7 spermatids (7Sd), according to the method of Leblond and Clermont (1952). Stage VII spermatogenesis was analyzed because this stage is highly susceptible to testosterone deficiency and also reflects the final stages of spermatid maturation and thus provides evidence of spermatogenesis as a whole (Clermont and Harvey 1967). Diameters of seminiferous tubules of testes were measured by ocular micrometer under light microscope.