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General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Testicular torsion is an emergency condition where one testicle rotates in the scrotal sac, occluding the testicular artery. The resulting testicular ischemia produces extreme pain of rapid onset on the affected side. Swelling may also be present, making the diagnosis of acute epididymitis a possible diagnosis. Since the arterial occlusion stops warm blood from entering the scrotum, the involved testicle should appear cool to thermography, as opposed to the warm appearance of epididymitis. Experimental torsion of the testicular artery in animals has confirmed this, testicular torsion results in significant testicular cooling as measured by thermography; rewarming occurs quickly upon reduction of the experimental torsion.184 Thermography utilized in the emergency department may be extremely useful in the diagnosis of testicular torsion as well as in confirmation of its correction.
Surgical treatment of disorders of sexual development
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Rafael V. Pieretti, Patricia K. Donahoe
Penile agenesis occurs in 1 in 30 million births. It appears to be the result of a development failure of the genital tubercle during the fourth week of embryogenesis. The scrotum appears normal and contains normal testicles (Figure 80.22). Patients can present with an imperforate anus and a rectourethral fistula, with a normal anus and a rectourethral fistula, or with the urethra located in the perineum inside a skin tag resembling a foreskin. Patients are otherwise normal 46,XY males.
Paediatric surgery
Published in Roy Palmer, Diana Wetherill, Medicine for Lawyers, 2020
Testicular torsion (twisting of a testicle within the scrotum) is heralded by the sudden onset of excruciating pain in the scrotum. There are two peaks in incidence: first in the neonatal period, and second in the early teenage years. So-called neonatal torsion almost certainly occurs in utero prior to birth and the affected testis is unsalvageable. It is mandatory that the contralateral testis is ‘fixed’ to prevent torsion occurring in the remaining functional testis. In older children, diagnosis and treatment should be carried out within six hours to prevent irreversible damage and, again, the contralateral testis must be fixed. A common error is to diagnose torsion as epididymo-orchitis and to delay treatment while investigations such as Doppler ultrasound or radioisotope studies are carried out.
The effect of semen cuscutae flavonoid on Sertoli cells and blood-testis barrier in male infertility: integrating network pharmacology and experimental verification
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Chen-xiao Liu, Su-qin Hu, Dian-long Liu, Ya-hui Xu, Ke Hu, Jian Guo
The structure and function of the testis and SCs are greatly affected by temperature. Normally, the testicles of male mammals are located in the lower temperature scrotum, and the higher temperature of the scrotum can destroy the structure and function of the testicular tissue, resulting in infertility (Barazani et al. 2014; Al-Otaibi 2018). Sitting for a long time, working in high temperatures, and wearing tight pants, which are commonly observed today, are factors increasing testicular heat and leading to MI (Erkanli Şentürk et al. 2012). It has been shown that heat exposure (≥43 °C) can destroy the morphology, function, and tight junctions between SCs, damage the integrity of BTB, and thus fail to provide nutritional support and necessary structure for spermatogenesis, resulting in abnormal spermatogenesis and infertility.
Post-circumcision penile skin loss: reporting the outcome of one-stage anterolateral scrotal based flaps in children
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2023
Abdelqawey Yousef, Salah Nagla, Mohamed Fathy, Mohamed Negm
This study’s choice of scrotal flaps was based on the many advantages of the scrotal flaps as they lack subcutaneous fat, have high elasticity, and have a rich blood supply [15]. The scrotal skin also has a close anatomic relation to the penis. In 1950, Goodwin and Thelen [16] studied the multistage compensation of the penile skin utilizing the scrotal skin. The resultant multiple scars limited this surgery. Fakin et al. [7] used a bipedicled anterior scrotal flap, which could compensate for most penile skin loss after silicon injection in adults. These authors concluded that penile skin defects could be covered by a well-vascularized scrotal flap with good functional and cosmetic outcomes. Although scrotal skin has an abundant blood supply and good sensory innervation, it is a hirsute skin [17–19]. This problem of hairy scrotal flaps could be solved by hair epilation if it was annoying to the patient [20]. Currently, scarce data has been published addressing the use of scrotal flaps in children after circumcision.
Effects of water-soluble additive on the release profile and pharmacodynamics of triptorelin loaded in PLGA microspheres
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2023
Xiaoyan He, Jiwei Liu, Tao Song, Yiying Sun, Xiaoyan Lu, Nuannuan Li, Kaoxiang Sun
Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were selected to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of triptorelin in different formulations. The SD rats were randomly divided into several groups, one of which was castrated group (n = 6). For castrated group, normal rats were anesthetized with 10% chloral hydrate (0.36 ml/100g). A small incision was made on the ventral skin above the pubic symphysis. The testicle located in the scrotum was gently pushed into the abdominal cavity. Then, the abdominal wall was opened, testicle and epididymis were pulled out and removed using small scissors. Finally, the incision was sutured with surgical thread. The microspheres were administrated after the surgical wound healing. Before administration, the microspheres were reconstituted with diluent containing 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC-Na) and 0.1% tween 80. Then, the drug suspension was administered by intramuscular injection at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. At predetermined time intervals, blood samples were taken from the oculi chorioideae vein and transferred into blood collection tubes containing heparin sodium. After shaking, the tubes were centrifuged at 3,500 rpm for 10 min to gain plasma samples. Then, the samples were placed in the refrigerator before further analysis.