China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Dysmenorrhea
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Painful menstruation that typically involves painful abdominal cramps that occur prior to or during the menses is referred to as dysmenorrhea. Many women routinely suffer from cramps which affect the lower abdomen or back just before or during the menses. Cramps are caused by uterine contractions and can range from mild to severe in intensity.
Examination of the abdominal system
Published in Tracy Lapworth, Deborah Cook, Clinical Assessment, 2022
Note The abdomen is defined as the region lying between the thorax above (separated by the diaphragm) and the pelvic cavity below. The abdomen can be divided either into nine portions or simply four quadrants and three regions.
Diabetes
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
The pancreas is a gland in the abdomen. About 90% of its function is to produce digestive enzymes which travel into the small intestine and help to digest proteins, carbohydrates and fats into smaller molecules. The remaining 10% is concerned with producing pancreatic hormones, including insulin and glucagon, which work in opposite ways to keep blood glucose levels within an optimum range ready to respond to the body’s needs. This is called blood glucose regulation (Figure 15.3).
The probiotic Bacillus subtilis BS50 decreases gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Sean M. Garvey, Eunice Mah, Traci M. Blonquist, Valerie N. Kaden, Jessica L. Spears
Abdominal bloating is defined as “the subjective sensation of gassiness, trapped gas, or a feeling of pressure or being distended without obvious visible distension”.6 Bloating can also occur with objective physical distension of the abdomen. The etiology for bloating and distension is complex and multifactorial. Triggers may include disturbances to digestive enzyme output and activity, intestinal transit and motility, composition of the intestinal microbiota, intestinal gas production, immune function, visceral hypersensitivity, and central nervous system processing.7,8 Bloating has also been described as primarily a sensory phenomenon associated with a lower pain threshold or increased biological sensitivity, as evidenced by computed tomography imaging showing that luminal gas increases in only 25% of FGID patients during a bout of abdominal distension or following consumption of a “high-flatulence” diet.9 These results point to a potential role of the gut-brain axis in perception of bloating severity, and suggest that the intestinal microbiota or gut sensory neuropod cell signaling modulation could impact hypersensitivity and bloating. Related to gut-brain cross-talk, belching can be the consequence of aerophagia, or swallowing air, which itself is influenced by anxiety, depression, and hypervigilance.10
Psidium guajava leaf extract improves gastrointestinal functions in rats and rabbits: an implication for ulcer and diarrhoea management
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Lilian Ngozi Ibeh, Solomon Nnah Ijioma, Okezie Emmanuel, Christopher Okechukwu Timothy, Eziuche Amadike Ugbogu
Another set of 25 rats assigned to five groups of five rats each was used. The rats were starved for 24 h before the commencement of the experiment. Treatments followed the order: Group 1 (0.2 mL normal saline and served as control), group 2 (atropine, 0.1 mg/kg), group 3 (PGLE, 200 mg/kg), group 4 (PGLE, 400 mg/kg), and group 5 (PGLE, 800 mg/kg). Treatments were via oral route except for atropine, which was administered intraperitoneally. Thirty (30) min after treatment, each animal was administered activated charcoal solution (5 mL/kg body weight) via oral route and were all humanely sacrificed by cervical dislocation after 30 min. Each animal’s abdomen was opened and the full length of the small intestine was isolated, measured, and recorded. The distance of the charcoal meal was also measured and reported as a percentage of its total length (Ijioma et al. 2019).
Emerging synthetic drugs for the treatment of liver cirrhosis
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2021
Jonathan Andrew Fallowfield, Maria Jimenez-Ramos, Andrew Robertson
Cirrhosis is characterized by extreme liver scarring (fibrosis), loss of organ function and serious complications related to portal hypertension (high blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein and its branches). It represents a generic end-stage for a variety of chronic liver diseases (CLD) including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol-related liver disease and chronic viral hepatitis. NAFLD is now the commonest etiology worldwide, affecting 1 in 4 adults [1], and the progressive form that leads to patient harm (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) is predicted to increase by 63% between 2015 and 2030 [2], representing a global cohort of at least 100 million individuals. Cirrhosis is typically classified as either compensated or decompensated. In compensated cirrhosis, the liver can maintain its important functions and patients are generally asymptomatic. In decompensated cirrhosis the liver no longer functions adequately, and patients develop life-threatening problems including bleeding varices (varicose veins in the esophagus), ascites (abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen) and hepatic encephalopathy (altered brain function).