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Noninvasive Photonic Sensing of Glucose in Bloodstream
Published in Andrey V. Dunaev, Valery V. Tuchin, Biomedical Photonics for Diabetes Research, 2023
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases in which a person has high level of glucose concentration in blood, which is due to the fact that the (1) pancreas does not produce enough insulin (type I diabetes), or due to the fact that (2) the cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced (type II diabetes). “Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus” (IDDM) or “juvenile diabetes” is referred to type I diabetes. “Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus” (NIDDM) or “adult-onset diabetes” is referred to type II diabetes, which is related to the modern lifestyle. The latter form of diabetes constitutes >95% of all diabetic patients and affects more than 26.8 million people of all ages in the U.S. (10.2% of the U.S population) [1] and more than 422 million people worldwide suffer from diabetes [2].
Do I Have IBS?
Published in Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck, Reclaim Your Life From IBS, 2022
Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a condition in which the pancreas doesn’t produce enough of the enzymes that help with certain aspects of digestion. Most people know that the pancreas makes insulin, which is crucial to managing glucose or blood sugar. But few people know that the pancreas also makes a number of digestive enzymes, including amylase (which breaks down carbohydrates), lipase (which breaks down fats), and protease and elastase (which break down proteins). If you can’t break down food, it passes through the intestines partially undigested, which can result in abdominal pain, gas, bloating, diarrhea (typically), or constipation, and, if it’s severe, weird poop that looks pale and oily, and can smell bad and sometimes floats (because there’s too much fat in it). One of the main causes of EPI is chronic pancreatitis, so if you’ve ever experienced even one incident of pancreatitis, it’s worth being tested for EPI. The easiest test for EPI is a stool test called the fecal elastase test (FE-1). Elastase is one of the digestive enzymes. If there is little or no elastase in your stool, that can indicate EPI.
Diabetes
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
The pancreas is a gland in the abdomen. About 90% of its function is to produce digestive enzymes which travel into the small intestine and help to digest proteins, carbohydrates and fats into smaller molecules. The remaining 10% is concerned with producing pancreatic hormones, including insulin and glucagon, which work in opposite ways to keep blood glucose levels within an optimum range ready to respond to the body’s needs. This is called blood glucose regulation (Figure 15.3).
Horticultural crops as natural therapeutic plants for the therapy of diabetes mellitus
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Balikis Oluwakemi Mustapha, Olufemi Temitope Ademoyegun, Rabiat Shola Ahmed
Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic disorder that occurs as a result of the body’s inability to produce or use insulin and this affects human physical, social and psychological health. The pancreas produces insulin in the body which helps to convey blood sugar from the bloodstream to the cells which further breaks down and is used as fuel for normal body metabolism. The disease is typically attributed to lack of glucose homeostasis brought on by errors in insulin production or activity which in turn result in an improper metabolism of glucose and other sources of energy like protein and lipid. This is frequently accompanied by a loss of energy and body weight as well as significant alterations in lipid metabolism. Diabetes can cause serious side effects such as blindness, stroke, heart attack, liver malfunction, nerve damage and kidney failure if it is not treated properly [2]. They occur in two types, namely, Type 1 (also known as Juvenile type) which is insulin-dependent and hereditary. It is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system accidentally attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. This type is common in children and adolescents.
Factors associated with acute pancreatitis in patients with impacted duodenal papillary stones: a retrospective cohort study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Ming Li, Ao Wang, Shaohua Ren, Zhenyu Wang, Qing Wang, Chengyue Gou, Weichuan Zhao, Li Zhang, Ning Li
Acute pancreatitis is a potentially serious condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas [1]. Acute pancreatitis occurs with an incidence of 4.6–100 per 100,000 persons [2,3] and is most commonly caused by the impaction of a gallstone in the common bile duct beyond where it joins the pancreatic duct [4,5]. Acute gallstone-related pancreatitis (AGP) is a common cause of hospitalization, and a potentially fatal condition [6], hence patients with AGP need appropriate treatment. The management of AGP includes fluid resuscitation, nutritional support, antibiotic therapy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to remove the calculi, and cholecystectomy to prevent disease recurrence [7,8]. Although early ERCP (within 72 h) is indicated for AGP associated with cholangitis, the timing of ERCP in patients without these features remains a debate [9].
Emerging kinase inhibitors for the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2022
NCI’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program estimates a total of 62,210 new cases of pancreatic cancer (3.2% of all cancer diagnoses in the U.S.) and 49,830 deaths (8.2% of all cancer-related deaths) in the U.S. in 2022 [1]. Pancreas cancer is one of the few solid organ cancers with currently rising incidence rates [2–4]. Based on projected shifts in demographics and changes in estimated incidence and death rates, pancreas cancer is projected to surpass breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer to become the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the U.S [2]. Age-adjusted incidence rates for new pancreas cancer cases and pancreas cancer-related death rates have risen by an average of 0.5% and 0.2% per year over the last decade, and projected incidence and death rates are estimated to increase to 1.3% and 0.5% annually, respectively [1,2]. Based on 2017 to 2019 data, the life-time risk of men and women to be diagnosed with pancreas cancer is ~1.7% [1].