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Anti-Hyperglycemic Property Of Medicinal Plants
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Karanpreet Singh Bhatia, Arpita Roy, Navneeta Bhardavaj
Diabetes Mellitus or Diabetes is a metabolism malady resulting in under production or no production of insulin in our body due to which glucose metabolism in our body becomes faulty. Production of insulin occurs through the pancreatic gland in our body and responsible for glucose uptake and breakdown, thus in its absence glucose starts to build up in the body creating a metabolic disorder. Diabetes is epidemic in nature and highest prevalence of hyperglycemia has been reported among adults in North Africa and Middle East region, i.e., 10.9% whereas, highest number of adults has been diagnosed in the region of Western Pacific, i.e., 37.5% (Kharroubi and Darwish, 2015). It plays an important role as a contributor to ill health and premature death worldwide. In India, hyperglycemia was considered to be a disease of urban population as it was more common in cities due to lifestyle changes and gradual increase of junk and fast-food intake. Diabetes symptoms include increase thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, hunger, and blurred vision.
The Nursing Roadmap to Lifestyle Medicine
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Gia Merlo, Karen Laing, Deborah Chielli, Kathy Berra
One of these chronic diseases is diabetes, which can lead to any or all the following: heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, blindness, and possible limb amputation. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of people with diabetes increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. The WHO also states that type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed by eating a healthy diet, being regularly physically active, and maintaining normal body weight. Diabetes can be treated and its consequences avoided by adopting these same health behaviors, screening regularly, and using medications as needed (WHO, 2021). From this example alone, significant financial savings can be easily imagined, both nationally and individually, before even considering the patient’s potential improved quality of life and the possible extension of their life years.
Hypoglycemia/Low Blood Sugar
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Hypoglycemia is not a disease in itself, but a condition characterized by an abnormally low level of blood glucose. That means a glucose level of 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or less. Hypoglycemia is uncommon in patients not treated for diabetes and is most often related to medications that lower blood glucose levels in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Other conditions such as alcoholism, severe sepsis, adrenal insufficiency, and panhypopituitarism,1 as well as diet and medications (e.g., quinine, propranolol, high doses of aspirin) can also cause hypoglycemia. As blood glucose levels fall, a variety of symptoms and signs may ensue, including hunger, sweating, pallor, shakiness, clumsiness, weakness, trouble talking, confusion, loss of consciousness, and seizures, coma, or death. In severe hypoglycemia, the patient is unable to care for himself and requires emergency medical care.
Enhanced transdermal insulin basal release from silk fibroin (SF) hydrogels via iontophoresis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Phimchanok Sakunpongpitiporn, Witthawat Naeowong, Anuvat Sirivat
In recent decades, diabetes mellitus has become one of the most common noncommunicable diseases in the world. In 2018, the International Diabetes Federation reported that the number of diabetes patients of around 425 millions (Mallawarachchi et al., 2019). It is expected to rise to 552 millions by 2030 (Shah et al., 2016). Diabetes is a condition in which blood sugar levels are too high (hyperglycemia). Blood glucose levels above 7.0 mmol/L during fasting and 11.1 mmol/L after lunch or dinner are indicative of diabetes (Mansoor et al., 2019). Diabetes mellitus can be classified into 2 types; type 1 is the failure of insulin secretion by the pancreas (T1DM): type 2 is the defective response of the body to insulin (T2DM) (Zhang et al., 2018). Insulin is a peptide hormone that can be used in the insulin deficiency treatment for both T1DM and T2DM (Shah et al., 2016). However, insulin can be degraded or metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract if taken orally. The self-injection is a common route for insulin delivery, but it introduces a pain and an infectious risk near the injection area. Therefore, the transdermal drug delivery (TDDS) is an alternative route for the controllable insulin administration (Tokumoto et al., 2006).
Hyperglycaemia and the risk of post-surgical adhesion
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Gordon A. Ferns, Seyed Mahdi Hassanian, Mohammad-Hassan Arjmand
Hyperglycaemia is a condition defined by an increase in blood glucose, and is the primary feature of diabetes mellitus (DM) (Dobbs et al.1975). Today, DM has a high prevalence globally with a prevalence that has risen from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014, in 2016; about 1.6 million deaths are directly attributable to DM (Bourne et al.2013, Bethesda 2014). Chronic hyperglycaemia promotes inflammation (Esposito et al.2003), oxidative stress (King and Loeken 2004) and fibrotic pathways in heart (Zhao et al.2014), kidney (Sudamrao Garud and Anant Kulkarni 2014), liver (Sahai et al.2004), and the lung (Honiden and Gong 2009). These fibrotic conditions are related to increasing inflammation (Sivakumar and Das 2008), oxidative stress (Poli and Parola 1997), and increase the expression of pro-fibrotic molecules like transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) (Branton and Kopp 1999), hence the aim of this study was to explore the hypothesis that chronic hyperglycaemia in diabetic conditions is a risk factor for post-surgical adhesion by increasing the inflammatory, oxidative stress, and fibrotic pathways.
The olive constituent oleuropein exerts nephritic protective effects on diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Diabetes is a disease in which the blood glucose levels stay high. High blood glucose in the long-term results in the development of complications of diabetes and kidney has been known as the main target organ (Reeves and Andreoli 2000, Piccoli et al.2015, Kanodia et al.2017). The structural and functional abnormalities of the kidney in patients with diabetes are referred to as diabetic nephropathy (DN), which can cause significant morbidity and mortality. About 40% of type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients will develop DN (Remuzzi et al.2002, Ritz and Orth 1999). The molecular mechanism underlying DN development remains elusive. Numerous studies have suggested that the pathogenesis of DN is a complicated process involved in multiple factors, including abnormal antioxidant status, auto-oxidation of glucose, and excess protein kinase activation (Tang et al.2012, Ha and Kim 1999, Roghani and Baluchnejadmojarad 2010, Haneda et al.1997, Vasanth Rao et al.2019). A better understanding of the mechanism for DN development may provide novel therapeutic approaches for preventing and treating of DN.