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Diabetes
Published in Judy Bothamley, Maureen Boyle, Medical Conditions Affecting Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2020
Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin. The most common reason for Type 1 diabetes is the autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. Genetic and environmental factors are thought to influence susceptibility10. Type 1 diabetes usually develops in a younger age group, and pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes may have managed their condition for a number of years. Symptoms of undiagnosed Type 1 diabetes can be severe and have a sudden onset. Without insulin the cells cannot utilise available glucose, and blood sugar levels rise. High blood glucose levels pass into the kidneys and filter into the urine (glycosuria). Glucose pulls water after it, resulting in polyuria (excess urination) and consequently dehydration and loss of electrolytes. Thirst increases to maintain body fluids. Weight loss occurs as the body tries to mobilise energy from fats and protein. The breakdown of body fat causes an excess production of ketone bodies. These are acidic, and when they accumulate in the blood, the pH drops, causing ketoacidosis11. Diabetes is treated by using insulin injections to control blood glucose levels to within the normal range. Adjustments to doses of insulin are made according to carbohydrate intake and levels of activity. The changes to carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy present a challenge to women with Type 1 diabetes to maintain their normal blood sugars. There are a number of acute and long-term complications of Type 1 diabetes including the risk of hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemia (leading to ketoacidosis) and damage to blood vessels.
Diabetes mellitus
Published in Judy Bothamley, Maureen Boyle, Medical Conditions Affecting Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2020
Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin. The most common reason for Type 1 diabetes is the autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. Genetic and environmental factors are thought to influence susceptibility (Williams and Pickup, 2004). Type 1 diabetes usually develops in a younger age group and pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes may have managed their condition for a number of years. Symptoms of undiagnosed Type 1 diabetes can be severe and have a sudden onset. Without insulin the cells cannot utilise available glucose and blood sugar levels rise. High blood glucose levels pass into the kidneys and filter into the urine (glycosuria). Glucose pulls water after it, resulting in polyuria and dehydration. Thirst increases to maintain body fluids. Weight loss occurs as the body tries to mobilise energy from fats and protein. The breakdown of body fat causes an excess production of ketone bodies. These are acidic and when they accumulate in the blood, the pH drops, causing ketoacidosis (Waugh and Grant, 2006). Diabetes is treated by using insulin injections to control blood glucose levels to within the normal range and eating a diet containing a controlled amount of carbohydrates. The changes to carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy present a challenge to women with Type 1 diabetes to maintain their normal blood sugars.
The pathophysiology of diabetes
Published in Janet Titchener, Diabetes Management, 2020
Type 1 diabetes is the result of an autoimmune process that targets the pancreatic β-cells that produce insulin. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5–10% of all those with diabetes, although this can be much higher in some ethnic groups (e.g. in the Scandinavian countries).3 The incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing.1
A Descriptive Study of the Quality of Life and Burden of Mothers of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes
Published in Occupational Therapy In Health Care, 2023
Erica Gallegos, Kasey B. Harmon, Gilliane Lee, Yongyue Qi, Vanessa D. Jewell
Type 1 diabetes affects one out of 400-600 children, making this chronic condition one of the prevalent in the United States (Pettitt et al., 2014). Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition in which the body does not produce insulin and requires artificial insulin to survive (Craig et al., 2014). Type 1 diabetes occurs in approximately 5-10% of people with diabetes, with most reported cases diagnosed in children (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2021). The disease requires immediate and constant attention and can often cause life-threatening conditions (Fritsch et al., 2011). Caregivers must adhere to a strict daily health management routine to promote the health of the child or adolescent (Streisand & Monaghan, 2014). For example, children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes require continuous day and night glucose monitoring, daily guidance on nutrition intake, and collaboration between the adults (e.g., teacher, babysitters, relatives) involved in health management tasks (Hess-Fischl, 2015; Monaghan et al., 2009). This health management routine can contribute to disruption and stress in the caregiver’s life (Caro et al., 2018) and thus, also impacts the entire family unit.
Melatonin attenuates diabetes-induced oxidative stress in spleen and suppression of splenocyte proliferation in laboratory mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Sangita Sutradhar, Anindita Deb, Shiv Shankar Singh
Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by the prevalence of hyperglycaemic conditions. Streptozotocin is a toxic substance caused the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, which leads to a failure of insulin production in experimental animals. The absence of insulin results in the persistence of a high blood glucose level in the experimental animal, which reflects the physiological status of type 1 diabetes (King 2012). Experimental mice having blood glucose above 250 mg/dl were considered diabetic mice (Mabley et al. 2003). In the present study, streptozotocin administration continuously increased the blood glucose level in mice. All the doses of melatonin showed suppression of the blood glucose levels in mice. Studies suggested that inosine protected multiple low dose streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia in dose-dependent manner (Mabley et al. 2003).
Measuring Quality of Life in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes at a Diabetes Camp
Published in Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing, 2021
Sidney N. Smith, Vicki L. Moran
Living with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D) significantly impacts every part of an individual’s life. Optimal glycemic control requires frequent blood glucose checks, insulin adjustments, endocrinology appointments, and sometimes the use of bulky medical devices for blood glucose monitoring and insulin delivery. Over time, diabetes knowledge has expanded as has the availability of medical technology involved in diabetes management. Advancements in care, however, have led to more intensive insulin regimens (Reynolds & Helgeson, 2011). The intensity of effective diabetes management is particularly challenging during the period of adolescence as adolescents must navigate diabetes management in conjunction with significant physical, cognitive, and psychosocial growth (Chen et al., 2017). Research found adolescents living with T1D find it “difficult, demanding, and never-ending” (Santiprabhob et al., 2008). Diabetes management requires constant monitoring and adjusting and adolescents with T1D find themselves juggling diabetes management in conjunction with other development tasks.