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Hypoglycemia/Low Blood Sugar
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Hypoglycemia is not a disease in itself, but a condition characterized by an abnormally low level of blood glucose. That means a glucose level of 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or less. Hypoglycemia is uncommon in patients not treated for diabetes and is most often related to medications that lower blood glucose levels in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Other conditions such as alcoholism, severe sepsis, adrenal insufficiency, and panhypopituitarism,1 as well as diet and medications (e.g., quinine, propranolol, high doses of aspirin) can also cause hypoglycemia. As blood glucose levels fall, a variety of symptoms and signs may ensue, including hunger, sweating, pallor, shakiness, clumsiness, weakness, trouble talking, confusion, loss of consciousness, and seizures, coma, or death. In severe hypoglycemia, the patient is unable to care for himself and requires emergency medical care.
Assessing and responding to sudden deterioration in the adult
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Blood glucose monitoring is part of the daily routine of many people with diabetes, who know their normal blood glucose levels and are aware of how to control their blood glucose. In Enid’s instance, her carers know her usual blood glucose level and will be monitoring this, highlighting any abnormality to the health professionals. When a person becomes unwell due to infection, disease, trauma or a mental health problem, they may be unable to control their diabetes. Blood glucose levels are measured by carrying out a finger prick and gaining a blood sample, which is then analysed using a glucose meter. There are different types of glucose meters available. Alternatively, a blood sample can be taken to the biochemistry laboratory for analysing glucose levels. This test usually takes a little time to perform and is therefore not useful in an emergency situation. Treatment will need to be administered according to the blood glucose level. Box 14.59 lists key points in blood glucose measurement.
Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Sugars are the popular name of two important water-soluble carbohydrates: mono- and disaccharides. Sugars are high in calories and present in certain vegetable and animal tissues. The three main monosaccharides are glucose, fructose, and galactose (7–10). Free glucose and fructose occur in small quantities in honey and dried fruit, and in larger amounts in fruits and berries where they are the main energy source (8). Glucose can be used directly by the cells to produce energy, while fructose must first be metabolized in the liver into glucose before absorption by the cells. Fructose needs time to furnish energy; therefore, it cannot replace glucose as a solution for intravenous administration in emergency medicine. Fructose is the sweetest of all the food carbohydrates (8).
The efficacy and safety of tadalafil in the management of erectile dysfunction with diabetes and blood circulation issues
Published in The Aging Male, 2023
Jong Seung Lee, Seung-ho Hong, Hwa Yeon Sun, Hyunseung Jin, Byung Yeon Yu, Yong-jin Cho, Jin young Chang, Byung Wook Yoo
It is estimated that there are 537 million people with diabetes worldwide (20–79 years), accounting for approximately one out of five people aged 65 and above; by 2045, these would have increased to 783 million [1]. Due to westernized eating habits, such as the consumption of fast food, diabetes has become a common lifestyle disease with a prevalence of up to 13.7%. Diabetes, a condition with higher-than-normal blood glucose concentration, is caused by many factors, including aging, stress, obesity, and immune system abnormalities. Ninety percent of adult patients with diabetes have type 2 diabetes (T2DM), which can cause microvascular, macrovascular, and other miscellaneous complications (hyperglycemia, nephropathy, and retinopathy) through various mechanisms. In particular, erectile dysfunction (ED) is common in people with diabetes. A study reported that ED (including unstable erection) affects up to 50% of the diabetic population [2]. ED is attributed to different causes and can be of psychogenic (from psychological factors such as stress) and organic (caused by disabilities in the sex organ, blood vessel, endocrine, and nerve) types. Due to the high risk of complications in diabetes, patients often become psychologically anxious, and its complication, ED, also causes a loss of confidence, psychological frustration, and stress [3,4]. Thus, the patients should be cared for with a focus on this aspect as well.
Melatonin attenuates diabetes-induced oxidative stress in spleen and suppression of splenocyte proliferation in laboratory mice
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Sangita Sutradhar, Anindita Deb, Shiv Shankar Singh
The circulatory melatonin protects the organisms from various stressful conditions. The induction of diabetes caused suppression of circulatory melatonin levels and caused devastating effects in the experimental mice (Hajam and Rai, 2019). Melatonin supplementation minimises diabetes-induced stress by increasing the circulatory melatonin levels in a dose-dependent manner. Streptozotocin destroyed the pancreatic islets, thereby minimised insulin secretion from the pancreas. The low insulin level causes retardation of glucose uptake by the liver and other cells and leads the persistence of enhanced blood glucose level, pathologically diabetes. Exogenous melatonin improved the streptozotocin caused stress on pancreatic islets but could not restored the circulatory insulin level. Study suggested that melatonin was not effectively restored the insulin level but improved the hyperglycaemia induced oxidative stress (Lo et al. 2017).
Pharmacotherapeutic options for prediabetes
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2021
There are many possible causes of elevated glucose, so that diabetes is a broad condition encompassing several different pathologic processes. The two primary forms of diabetes have been categorized as type 1 and type 2. Immune-mediated or type 1 diabetes is a progressive disease, typically but not always occurring in young people. It is caused by an autoimmune attack on the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans. Type 1 diabetes is usually associated with a period of variable duration with ongoing autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β-cells but no significant hyperglycemia [16]. During this period, autoantibodies to GAD (GAD65), insulin, the tyrosine phosphatases IA-2 and IA-2β, and ZnT8 are often detectable. There can be a prodromal period with rising fasting plasma glucose, but this period has not been well characterized. Therefore, the prediabetes definition, which depends solely on glucose levels, is effectively limited to type 2 diabetes. There has not yet been an official designation of prediabetes for type 1 diabetes. We will limit the present review of prediabetes to the condition which precedes type 2 diabetes since that is the conventional definition.