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Toxins in Neuro-Ophthalmology
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
These are antimalarial agents now used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. It is usually noted in patient taking >3 mg/kg/day of chloroquine or >6.5 mg/kg/day of hydroxychloroquine. They bind melanin and concentrate in the iris, ciliary body and RPE altering normal physiologic function. Symptoms are blurred vision, decreased vision, scotomas and photopsias. On examination, there is blunting of the foveal reflex and pigmentary retinal changes. Classic fundus pattern is bilateral bull's-eye. Optic disc pallor and arteriovenous narrowing are late stage findings.
Anti-Hyperglycemic Property Of Medicinal Plants
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Karanpreet Singh Bhatia, Arpita Roy, Navneeta Bhardavaj
Diabetes Mellitus or Diabetes is a metabolism malady resulting in under production or no production of insulin in our body due to which glucose metabolism in our body becomes faulty. Production of insulin occurs through the pancreatic gland in our body and responsible for glucose uptake and breakdown, thus in its absence glucose starts to build up in the body creating a metabolic disorder. Diabetes is epidemic in nature and highest prevalence of hyperglycemia has been reported among adults in North Africa and Middle East region, i.e., 10.9% whereas, highest number of adults has been diagnosed in the region of Western Pacific, i.e., 37.5% (Kharroubi and Darwish, 2015). It plays an important role as a contributor to ill health and premature death worldwide. In India, hyperglycemia was considered to be a disease of urban population as it was more common in cities due to lifestyle changes and gradual increase of junk and fast-food intake. Diabetes symptoms include increase thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, hunger, and blurred vision.
The Neurologic Disorders in Film
Published in Eelco F. M. Wijdicks, Neurocinema—The Sequel, 2022
The first sign of Nick’s MS is numbness and hand weakness, resulting in a sledgehammer falling down a shaft during work. Soon he has blurred vision, leading to an extensive ophthalmologic evaluation with visual field testing. “You won’t make the dart team,” his girlfriend Karen (Juliet Aubrey) jokingly remarks. The ophthalmologist calls it a “trapped nerve and overcompensating,” resulting in a new eyeglass prescription. These symptoms worry Karen, and she goes to the library and finds out that these signs could mean MS. Another meeting follows, and the film shows a conversation with the ophthalmologist, who suggests withholding the diagnosis. As previously noted, such reluctance has been predicated on the uncertainty of predicting the course of MS. The scene reflects practice in the 1960s but not currently. Neurologists tell patients the diagnosis when there is a reasonable certainty of MS based on actual evidence.
Effects of topical Coenzyme Q10, Xanthan Gum and Sodium Hyaluronate on corneal epithelial wound healing
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2022
Leyla Asena, Gülşah Gökgöz, Fatma Helvacıoğlu, Gonca Özgün, Emine Ebru Deniz, Dilek Dursun Altinors
Corneal epithelial defects may occur secondary to chemical injury, neurogenic causes, infectious or immunogenic mechanisms, trauma and corneal epithelial basement membrane pathologies.1 Corneal epithelial integrity is essential for maintaining its barrier function against infective microorganisms, normal stromal hydration and providing a transparent refractive surface. Therefore, careful treatment of corneal epithelial defects is essential. Delayed re-epithelization may lead to persistent epithelial defects, corneal ulcers and infections. Treatment options include topical prophylactic antibiotic drops or ointments, frequently administered preservative-free artificial tears, patching and bandage contact lenses. In unresponsive cases, oral doxycycline, autologous serum, amniotic membrane transplantation, tarsorrhaphy, conjunctival flap and scleral lenses can be added to the treatment.2–4 Conventional treatment options may not be enough in some cases leading to prolonged ocular discomfort, blurred vision and secondary infection, which are all devastating consequences. Therefore, there is still a need for therapeutic agents that can effectively support the healing process.
Antenatal and postpartum comparison of HD-OCT findings of macula, retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell density between severe preeclampsia patients and healthy pregnant woman
Published in Hypertension in Pregnancy, 2020
Abdullah Tok, Abdullah Beyoğlu
Preeclampsia is a clinical syndrome that affects 3-5% of pregnancies, and is a significant cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. This syndrome is defined as hypertension and proteinuria emerging after the 20th week of pregnancy. Preeclampsia is a multi-systemic syndrome which may cause hepatic and renal function disorders, cardiovascular changes and neurological, and hematological anomalies (1,2). There may also be ocular complications with the visual pathway affected from the anterior segment to the visual cortex. Visual symptoms may be seen in 25%-100% of preeclampsia cases. These symptoms include blurred vision, losses in the field of vision, difficulty in focussing, photopsia, and even blindness. Ocular findings include optic neuropathy, retinal edema, retinopathy, central serous retinopathy, retinal hemorrhage, retinal detachment, cotton wool spots, Elschnig spots, and segmental or generalized retinal arteriole constriction (3,4). These ocular changes in preeclampsia can possibly be attributed to the co-existence or preexistence of systemic vascular disease, hormonal changes, damage to the endothelium, alterations in cerebral autoregulation, and ischemia as a result of hypoperfusion, or hyperperfusion leading to retinal edema (5).
Amplitude of Accommodation in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Published in Current Eye Research, 2019
Bekir Küçük, Mehmet Hamamcı, Seray Aslan Bayhan, Hasan Ali Bayhan, Levent Ertuğrul Inan
Dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system is a common phenomenon in patients with MS.28,29 One of the clinical symptoms associated with autonomic nervous system dysfunction includes visual problems.30–35 Visual disturbances occur in up to 80% of cases with MS, including afferent and efferent disorders.36–40 The most common complaints are generally high light sensitivity, color vision defects, and blurred vision. In patients with MS, blurred vision is a frequent symptom that reduces the quality of life. One possible reason for blurred vision is accommodative dysfunction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates accommodative ability in patients with MS. In this study, we found significantly lower AA values (measured by the minus lens method) in patients with MS who had VEP abnormalities when compared to healthy individuals (p= .02). The physiological properties of the lens are not directly affected in MS; however, the neural pathways that control the lens function can be affected by demyelination. In the literature, several case studies support our finding that accommodative abnormalities are associated with MS.41–43