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Stroke
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
A stroke is the sudden death or damage of brain cells (neurological deficit) caused by a lack of oxygen and nutrients due to a disruption of blood supply. Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the U.S. and is a major cause of serious disability for adults.1 When the blood supply to a specific region of the brain is blocked (88% of cases), or ruptures out (12% of cases), those affected areas begin to die within minutes. There-fore, a stroke is a medical emergency. The advent of a stroke is sudden with potentially long-lasting and far-reaching negative consequences.
Stroke
Published in Ibrahim Natalwala, Ammar Natalwala, E Glucksman, MCQs in Neurology and Neurosurgery for Medical Students, 2022
Ibrahim Natalwala, Ammar Natalwala, E Glucksman
FALSE – Atrial fibrillation is a major risk factor; however, the most significant modifiable risk factor is hypertension. This is thought to be a result of the vascular remodelling which occurs with hypertension and the subsequent development of atherosclerosis and lipohyalinosis. Other modifiable risk factors for stroke include diabetes, congestive heart failure, smoking and hypercholesterolaemia.6 Age is the single most important non-modifiable risk factor for stroke.
Caring for people with impaired mobility
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Rowena Slope, Katherine Hopkinson
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is disrupted by a blockage or rupture of an artery. If the blood supply is not quickly restored, then brain cells start to die due to lack of oxygen and other vital nutrients. According to NICE (2019), there are 100,000 strokes each year in the UK resulting in 38,000 deaths. Strokes represent a medical emergency and symptoms often present as unilateral facial droop, weakness or numbness in the upper limbs, and slurred speech.
Association of beta-2-microglobulin, cystatin C and lipocalin-2 with stroke risk in the general Chinese population
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Juanying Zhen, Shuyun Liu, Ryan Yan Lam Kam, Guoru Zhao, Hao Peng, Jianguo Liang, Aimin Xu, Chao Li, Lijie Ren, Jun Wu, Bernard Man Yung Cheung
Stroke risk was classified as low-risk, middle-risk and high-risk groups according to the China National Stroke Screening Survey criteria [14,15]. The risk factors of stroke included hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, smoking, obesity, physical activity, family history of stroke, history of transient ischemic attack and history of stroke. The high-risk group was defined as participants with three or more stroke risk factors. The middle-risk group was defined as those with fewer than three risk factors, but at least one of the following chronic diseases: hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, or valvular heart disease. The low-risk group was defined as those with fewer than three risk factors and none of the chronic diseases listed above.
Predictive serum biomarkers of patients with cerebral infarction
Published in Neurological Research, 2022
Yan Kong, Yu-qing Feng, Ya-ting Lu, Shi-sui Feng, Zheng Huang, Qian-yi Wang, Hui-min Huang, Xue Ling, Zhi-heng Su, Yue Guo
Various clinical methods are used for diagnosing stroke, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), duplex sonography, digital subtraction angiography, and blood tests. However, these commonly used diagnostic methods also carry numerous limitations. For example, CT angiography and CT perfusion techniques may increase the diagnostic information of vascular obstruction, but they are insensitive to ischemic stroke and are not widely available on a timely basis at many institutions. In addition, although MRI technology has advantages in early diagnosis of stroke and identification of cerebral hemorrhage, a practical issue is that most hospitals do not have specialized MRI services available in an acute setting, and such services require more advanced interpretations. Therefore, an increasing number of scientists worldwide have been exploring alternative methods for diagnosing stroke. Recently, several specific genes and proteins have been offered as useful biomarkers, such as D-dimer, C-reactive protein [2], and B-type natriuretic peptide [3]. At present, metabonomic methods can be used to identify potential early biomarkers of various diseases and perform early diagnosis classification, and this method has also been applied to research in cerebral infarction diseases.
Autologous conditioned serum for degenerative diseases and prospects
Published in Growth Factors, 2021
Seyed Kazem Shakouri, Sanam Dolati, Jessica Santhakumar, Avnesh S. Thakor, Reza Yarani
In cerebral ischemia, inflammatory responses initiating from the resident microglia and blood-borne macrophages peak at 24–72 h after cerebral ischemia and could persist for several weeks after the initial injury (Rikhtegar et al. 2019). Treatment with recombinant IL-1Ra improved functional impairment in an animal stroke model, indicating its potential for cerebral ischemia treatment (Pradillo et al. 2017). Treatment with a conditioned medium of Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) increased the expression of IL-1Ra in a macrophage cell line. Activation of endogenous IL-1Ra is one of the therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs for the treatment of cerebral ischemia (Oh et al. 2018). These results indicate that ACS could attenuate neuroinflammation through IL-1Ra and is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of stroke.