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Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
A TIA is a ministroke, or warning stroke, as a result of a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain. The disruption results in a brief lack of oxygen to the brain. Therefore, it does not cause permanent damage. Symptoms of a TIA are characteristic stroke symptoms that typically have a duration of only a few minutes, but by definition last less than 24 hours, so no lasting damage is done.1 TIAs are highly predictive of a subsequent disabling ischemic stroke within hours or days. Because a stroke can have serious long-lasting negative effects and be life-threatening, a TIA is a major warning and should not be ignored.2 Immediate help is needed and must be sought. The goal of treatment following after a TIA is to correct the abnormality that caused the TIA and prevent a stroke.
Stroke
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) involves symptoms of stroke that usually last for less than 1 hour. It is defined as focal brain ischemia, with sudden neurologic deficits. There is no visualization of any acute cerebral infarction when evaluation is done with diffusion-weighted MRI. The condition is similar to an ischemic stroke except that most TIAs last for less than 5 minutes. If deficits resolve in 1 hour, infarction is extremely unlikely. Deficits resolving between 1 and 24 hours usually have infarction. At this point, they are no longer considered to be TIAs. Within the first 24 hours, TIAs greatly increase risks of having an actual stroke. Hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus have an increased frequency of transient ischemic attacks.
Stroke
Published in Henry J. Woodford, Essential Geriatrics, 2022
The risk of future stroke is similar in people who have had a TIA to those who have sustained a minor stroke (see page 217). Timely diagnosis and intervention are vital. Migraine attacks and syncopal episodes are common causes of TIA misdiagnosis. Non-focal neurological symptoms (e.g. dizziness, confusion or loss of consciousness) occurring in isolation are not due to TIAs. The most frequent TIA symptoms are unilateral weakness or sensory loss, dysarthria, aphasia and transient visual problems. Symptoms lasting only seconds at a location other than the eye are unlikely to be due to a TIA.
Motivators for physical activity in patients with minor stroke: a qualitative study
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Rikke Steen Krawcyk, Laura Cathrine Christoffersen, Anne Kjaergaard Danielsen, Christina Kruuse
Following hospital discharge after minor stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), patients are usually offered pharmacological secondary prevention in addition to self-administrated lifestyle changes. Patients are rarely supervised in standardized physical rehabilitation if remission of stroke symptoms to usual function is seen. Absence of structured physical activity could succumb the patients to a sedentary lifestyle with increased risk of cardiovascular risk factors including recurrent stoke. Patients with TIA or minor stroke have similar risk factors, as patients with more severe stroke, which needs to be addressed to reduce risk of recurrent stroke. However, if no rehabilitation is required post discharge due to remission of their initial symptoms, they are rarely offered supervised standardized physical rehabilitation after hospital discharge. Though physical remission may be seen, patients often report post-stroke fatigue, reduced energy, and cognitive- or physical sequelae [1,2] which further reduces the likelihood of engaging in physical activity without supervision or professional assistance. It is thus of great importance in secondary stroke prevention to facilitate and support patients to be physically active with moderate to vigorous intensity after hospital discharge, but little is known on how to best support these patients in this lifestyle change.
Risk factors associated with recurrence of ischemic stroke after intracranial stenting in china: a case-control study
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Guangwen Li, Tonghui Liu, Xiaoqing Ma, Wentao Gong, Xianjun Zhang, Hongxia Wang, Yunliang Guo, Yuchuan Ding, Yong Zhang
Patients considered for study inclusion were aged 18–85 years old; had the major intracranial artery (including the intracranial internal carotid, middle cerebral, intracranial vertebral, or basilar arteries) stenosis of 70–99% with a lesion length of ≤15 mm and target vessel diameter of ≥2.0 mm; had the symptoms of transient ischemic attack (TIA) or ischemic stroke within 90 days; had an hypoperfusion area in the territory of the target lesion; and patients did not lose at the last follow-up. The stenosis rate was measured on digital subtraction angiography (DSA) according to the WASID method with normal distal vessels as the reference. The hemodynamic impairment in the territory of the artery was evaluated on imaging within 14 days before endovascular therapy as our previous study described [4]. The symptom of TIA or ischemic stroke consists of a transient episode or persisted of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain or retinal ischemia, including weakness and numbness on one side, slurred speech, monocular blindness, or dizziness. The images were reviewed by at least two physicians, who were allowed to resolve disagreement through discussion. The patients were excluded from the trial if the raters could not agree on the classification.
Kikuchi disease as a possible cause of ischaemic stroke: a case report
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Lihui Liu, XingLi Tan, Yunhai Liu, Ziyuan Liu, Jie Yang, Qing Huang
Kikuchi disease, also known as Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD) or histiocyte necrotizing lymphadenitis, is a rare and self-limiting benign disease which was first described by Kikuchi and Fujimoto in 1972 [1,2]. It usually occurs in young women and is characterized by lymphadenopathy of the cervical lymph nodes and nonspecific systemic symptoms, such as fever [3]. For Kikuchi disease, the reported neurological complications occur in about 11% of cases as revealed by a review of 244 cases [4], including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, mononeuritis multiplex, brachial neuritis, peripheral neuropathy and photophobia [5,6]. To date, transient ischaemic attacks (TIA) following KFD has not been reported. TIA is a cerebrovascular disease condition involving transient, localized impairment of brain function and, is usually a forerunner for ischemic stroke, which is a leading cause of death and disability. Herein, an unusual case about KFD co-existence with TIA was presented for discussion.