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Therapeutic Properties of Fermented Foods and Beverages
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
Thrombosis is the condition of blood clot formation within a blood vessel that prevents normal flow of blood through the circulatory system. Blood clot in humans is carried out by more than 20 different enzymes, whereas plasmin is the only enzyme that interrupts the formation of blood clot.88 Food products with high LDL content are known to cause clots and form plaques by deposition in blood vessels that blocks the blood supply and might lead to chest pain and heart attack; hence, consumption of fermented products reduces the accumulation of LDL in the blood vessels. Simi-larly, accumulation of fibrin in blood vessels reduces the flow of blood thereby increasing the viscosity of blood, which builds up the pressure in the vessels leading to myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases.88 Therefore to prevent thrombosis, consumption of fermented food as a source of fibrinolytic enzymes145 or fibrinolytic enzymes isolated from starter culture used in fermented food is advised.88, 145
Haematological disorders
Published in Judy Bothamley, Maureen Boyle, Medical Conditions Affecting Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2020
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the most common cause of death associated with VTE. It occurs when a clot from a deep vein, commonly in the leg, detaches itself and travels to the lungs where it lodges in a pulmonary blood vessel. Collapse and death will occur if the clot is large enough to compromise the pulmonary circulation. Pregnancy is a hypercoagulable state making pregnant women more prone to developing the deep vein thrombosis (DVT) that underlies this disorder. Prevention, detection and treatment of a DVT are crucial in limiting deaths from PE in pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Cardio-vascular system (heart and circulation)
Published in David Sales, Medical IELTS, 2020
Peripheral vascular disease can be explained as furring up or narrowing of the arteries and specific conditions such as Raynaud’s disease as a circulation disorder caused by vasospasm (contraction/spasm [of the blood vessel]), for which they may be prescribed vasodilators (drugs that dilate blood vessels), which may cause a side effect such as orthostatic hypotension (temporary drop in blood pressure on standing).
Antioxidant-rich Terminalia catappa fruit exerts antihypertensive effect via modulation of angiotensin-1-converting enzyme activity and H2S/NO/cGMP signalling pathway in Wistar rats
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Adeniyi A. Adebayo, Ayokunle O. Ademosun, Bukola C. Adedayo, Ganiyu Oboh
The World Health Organisation (WHO) classifies hypertension as a disorder in which the blood vessels have chronically elevated pressure (World Health Organization, Public Health Agency of Canada, & Canada. Public Health Agency of Canada, 2005). One of the leading causes of death and disease worldwide and a substantial risk factor for heart, brain, and kidney disease is hypertension (Blacher et al., 2016, Toyoda and Ninomiya, 2014). Eighty-two percent of the world’s population with hypertension in 2019—more than one billion people—lived in low- and middle-income nations (Salam, 2016, Tesfaye et al., 2020). Human basic hypertension has been linked to endothelial dysfunction. By releasing a range of powerful local vasoactive substances, such as the vasodilator molecule nitric oxide and the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin, vascular endothelial cells play a crucial role in cardiovascular control (Grover-Páez and Zavalza-Gómez, 2009; Cahill and Redmond, 2016). An intriguing therapeutic strategy for reducing some of the significant consequences of hypertension is endothelial function regulation (Tousoulis et al., 2012). Owing to the significant role of nitric oxide in the relaxation of smooth muscles, its reduced production and bioavailability as a result of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition by Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) posed serious difficulty on way and manner by which blood flow through the blood vessel, thereby resulting to hypertension (Fürstenau et al., 2010, Tousoulis et al., 2012).
Targeting VCAM-1: a therapeutic opportunity for vascular damage
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2023
Mayarling F Troncoso, Magda C Díaz-Vesga, Fernanda Sanhueza-Olivares, Jaime A Riquelme, Marioly Müller, Luis Garrido, Luigi Gabrielli, Mario Chiong, Ramon Corbalan, Pablo F Castro, Sergio Lavandero
The cardiovascular system includes the heart and blood vessels that pump and deliver blood throughout the body. Blood vessels are structured in three layers: the tunica intima, media, and adventitia. The tunica intima, or inner layer, comprises endothelial cells (EC) in contact with the blood. The tunica media or medial layer is formed mainly by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and the extracellular matrix, such as collagen and elastin, that regulates vascular tone and the integrity of vessels. In capillaries, the medial layer does not contain VSMC, but pericytes form a thin wall that facilitates the transport of blood components [3]. The adventitia layer, or outer layer, comprises fibroblasts, nerves, and small arteries (Vasa vasorum) that deliver nutrients to this layer [4].
Safflor yellow A protects vascular endothelial cells from ox-LDL-mediated damage
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Hu Zhang, Li-Juan Fan, Jun Liu, Jia-Qi Zhu, Ting-Ting Tan, Ming Li, You-Li Zhou
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the world, and approximately 16.7 million people die from cardiovascular disease every year. Atherosclerosis (AS) is a chronic disease of arteries, which is clinically manifested as the slow formation of thrombi on the inner wall of blood vessels, which constitutes the pathological basis of a series of cardiovascular diseases. Early atherosclerosis is considered to be only the passive accumulation of cholesterol in the blood vessel wall [1]. The latest research shows that AS is more likely to be a chronic inflammatory disease, and its core process is the damage of vascular endothelial cells. Endothelial cells are defined as the first line of defense of blood vessels and play a vital role in anti-thrombosis and anti-atherosclerosis by secreting a variety of vasoactive molecules, including nitric oxide (NO), endothelin [2].