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Aneurysms
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
An aneurysm is an abnormal bulge or ballooning in a weakened area of an arterial wall. Smoking and high blood pressure are the two major risk factors for the development of an aneurysm. A family history of aneurysms and being over 40 years of age are also factors. Aneurysms can occur anywhere in the body but are more frequent in the brain, aorta, legs (behind the knee), and spleen. Most aneurysms remain asymptomatic unless they grow unusually large or rupture.
Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Stephen T. Sinatra, Sara Gottfried
The evaluation of PAD is tedious and complex, involving a meticulous evaluation of peripheral pulses, targeted blood pressure measurements involving brachial and tibial arteries, duplex ultrasound, as well as advanced imaging studies in some patients. Although many successful treatments frequently involve pharmaceutical and surgical procedures including arterial stents, many patients without major obstructions to blood vessels continue to be symptomatic despite conventional methodologies. Frequently, small vessel disease is present and a metabolic approach can be very supportive in reducing pain and suffering in women.
The patient with acute cardiovascular problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
An aneurysm occurs when an area of the arterial wall has become weakened, possibly by arteriosclerosis or sometimes due to congenital defects. The weakened vessel wall develops into a sac-like protrusion that may predispose to a thrombus formation or may burst. Having an aneurysm increases the risk of damage to the lining of the artery involved; when a small tear occurs, this is called dissection. Damaged vessels are more likely to burst. If an aneurysm bursts, it has potentially catastrophic consequences due to excessive loss of blood. In the case of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, this is a life-threatening emergency. If a vessel in the brain is affected, this is called a haemorrhagic stroke, and a fatal rise in intracranial pressure can occur.
The chronic stress risk phenotype mirrored in the human retina as a neurodegenerative condition
Published in Stress, 2023
Leoné Malan, Roelof van Wyk, Roland von Känel, Tjalf Ziemssen, Walthard Vilser, Peter M. Nilsson, Martin Magnusson, Amra Jujic, Daniel W. Mak, Faans Steyn, Nico T. Malan
Retinal vessel diameter (arterioles and venules, hereafter arteries and veins) and count (rarefaction) data were determined by using monochrome images as well as the original color photographs for reference. First order vessels in the measuring zone located between 0.5 and 1.0 optic disk diameters from the margin or the optic disk were selected. Trunks in this area were counted and if not clear, the branches were counted. Branch measurements were declined if either of the branches could not be measured accurately. On average, between 7 and 17 arteries and an equal number of veins were measured. The Knudtson-Parr-Hubbard formula was used to standardize individual vessel calibers. Large vessels in the measuring area usually belong to the small arteries and veins of the microcirculation with vessel diameters between 40 and 300 µm (central artery or vein are the largest retinal vessels with diameters between 200 and 300 µm). Automated software calculations determined estimates from the 6 largest arteries and veins. As the image scale of each eye was unknown, the values of the retinal arteries and veins were expressed as measuring units (MU). 1 MU is equivalent to 1 micrometer when the dimensions of the eye being examined correspond to those of the normal Gullstrand eye. Reproducibility was computed for a randomly selected cohort with a correlation coefficient of 0.84.
Dysphagia lusoria in a young woman with chest pain
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Busara Songtanin, Roy Jacob, Neha Mittal
Adachi and Williams classified patients based on types of variant aortic arches, noting that about 80% of aortic arches give rise to three vessels, which include the brachiocephalic trunk, left subclavian artery, and left common carotid artery. Most cases with aberrant vessels are asymptomatic.2,3 Symptom onset usually occurs in the fourth to fifth decades of life due to atherosclerotic changes, and a decrease in esophageal mobility with dysphagia is the most common symptom.3 Other symptoms include dyspnea, retrosternal pain, and chest pain due to arterial compression of the esophagus or trachea.4 Although this patient developed choking later in her clinical course secondary to compression of the proximal esophagus, she did not have a cough. Stenosis of arteria lusoria can also present with claudication, differences in the blood pressures in the arms, and Raynaud’s phenomenon of the right hand.5
Three-Dimensional in Vivo Anatomical Study of Female Iliac Vein Variations
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Wenling Zhang, Chunlin Chen, Guidong Su, Hui Duan, Zhiqiang Li, Ping Shen, Jiaxin Fu, Ping Liu
The EIV joins the IIV in front of the sacroiliac joint to form the CIV. The bilateral CIV, accompanied by the common iliac artery, converges to the inferior vena cava on the right side of the 5th lumbar spine. Veins usually accompany arteries. April T. Bleich et al. [23] conducted an autopsy of 54 female cadavers and found that only 62.3% (66/106) of the posterior internal iliac arteries and anterior internal iliac arteries shared a common trunk, i.e., 37.7% of the posterior internal iliac arteries were independently issued by the common iliac artery. LePage PA et al. [24] dissected 79 specimens from 42 cadavers and found that 73% of the IIVs of the specimens flowed into the EIV system through a main trunk and that 27% of the IIVs flowed into the EIV system through two completely separated main trunks. Chong GO et al. [20] found that the incidence of main iliac vein separation was 18.3%. In this study, similar manifestations were found when IIV returned to CIV, with an incidence of approximately 34.20%. It was common to observe IIV dividing into two branches or simultaneous confluence with the EIV to form the CIV, while three branches were rare.