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Cardiovascular Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
One specific drug, Tafamadis, has been assessed and shown to give improved survival, quality of life and slowed disease progression in ATTR amyloidosis. Systemic thromboembolism is common and anticoagulation is often required. A heart transplant may be considered.
Coronary Artery Disease
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Diagnosis of CAD is based on medical history, physical examination, and routine blood tests. Other diagnostic tests include ECG, echocardiogram, an exercise stress test, a nuclear stress test, cardiac catheterization, and cardiac CT scan. Electrocardiogram can reveal evidence of a previous heart attack or even one that is currently happening. Echocardiogram allows for examination of all parts of the heart wall, revealing signs of CAD. An exercise stress test involves walking on a treadmill or riding a stationary bicycle as an ECG is being performed, and sometimes an echocardiogram is done as well. For some patients, a medication is used to stimulate the heart instead of exercise. A nuclear stress test is similar to an exercise stress test, but provides images as well as ECG recordings, measuring blood flow to the heart muscle during stress and at rest via specialized cameras. In cardiac catheterization, a catheter is inserted into a groin, neck, or arm artery or vein and carefully pushed to the heart, guided by the use of various imaging techniques. Dye may be injected to improve imaging of the blood vessels and any blockages. A cardiac CT helps visualize calcium deposits in the arteries that can narrow them, indicating likely CAD. Also, in a CT coronary angiogram, a contrast dye is injected intravenously to produce detailed images of the coronary arteries (see Figure 9.1).
Cardiovascular disease
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
The heart is a muscular organ that acts as a pump. It has small nodes which produce electrical impulses causing the heart to contract and push the blood around the circulatory system of the body. The rate of the pumping action is the heartbeat and the waves are felt throughout the arteries of the body. We feel these as pulses. The arteries carry blood containing nutrients and the oxygen which it has picked up via the lungs to every cell of the body. Anything that impedes this process, such as damage to the heart or to the blood vessels, means that cells, tissues and organs of the body will start to fail.
A likelihood swarm whale optimization based LeNet classifier approach for the prediction and diagnosis of patients with atherosclerosis disease
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
P. Govindamoorthi, P. Ranjith Kumar
Risk factors such as obesity, elevated cholesterol in the blood, asthma, overweight, blood pressure, etc. may raise the risk of heart and vessel illness. Other factors such as alcohol and stress may raise the risk of heart failure, including complications. However, they have not yet adequately defined their importance and prevalence. Any of the risk factors may be modified, monitored or handled (Amarbayasgalan et al. 2021). Therefore, there is a need to develop and establish a Medical Diagnostic Support System (MDSS) for automating the classification and prediction of cardiovascular disease in patients. Moreover, the research on medical diagnosis needs higher efficiency and accuracy for making good clinical decisions. Though, the traditional methods MDSS proven their ability for covering the most diagnostic problems, they provide a lower rate of accuracy and might not offer any right diagnosis.
Diaphragm pacing using the minimally invasive cervical approach
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Don B. Headley, Antonio G. Martins, Kevin J. McShane, David A. Grossblat
Most intra-abdominal surgeries are performed with general endotracheal anesthesia and positive pressure ventilation.13 This allows the use of neuromuscular blockade and relaxes the abdominal musculature and diaphragm resulting in more favorable surgical conditions. The use of neuromuscular blockade and subsequent reversal adds to the polypharmacy of the anesthetic and increases the risk of allergic reaction14 and the potential for variable15 and residual weakness.16,17 Insufflation of the abdomen with carbon dioxide has potential hemodynamic and pulmonary consequences.13,18 Most intrathoracic surgeries are also performed with general endotracheal anesthesia.19 An arterial catheter is commonly placed in addition to standard American Society of Anesthesia monitors in order to achieve real time hemodynamic monitoring due to the proximity of the heart and great vessels in the thorax. At times, lung isolation would facilitate a more favorable surgical field and a double lumen endotracheal tube or bronchial blocker is utilized.20 These techniques can be technically challenging and increase the risks of airway trauma as well as pulmonary complications including atelectasis, pneumothorax, hypoxemia, and barotrauma.20,21 Therefore, in a patient without aspiration precautions and normal spontaneous respiratory function, sedation can be utilized in the cervical approach as the surgical stimulation is less intense when the abdomen and thorax are not entered.
Global article collection: essential reads from around the world
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2022
Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Chia Jie Tan, Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk, Guilherme Silva Julian, Kei Long Cheung, Mickael Hiligsmann, Brian Godman, Sylvia Opanga, Paul A. Scuffham, Michael Gregg
Cardiac resynchronization therapy has gained much attention in both the seminal literature and clinical practice over the past two decades. This procedure relies on the insertion of electrodes in the left and right ventricles of the heart to treat heart failure via an implanted pacemaker. Typical patients that are recruited suffer from an ejection fraction lower than 35% coupled with prolonged QRS interval duration of well over 120 ms. This type of therapy has been hailed as one of the most promising approaches to resolve life threatening terminal stage heart failure by increasing bioelectrical and biomechanical efficiency of the myocardium6. The clinical aspects of this therapy have been well documented; however, there is a certain scarcity of evidence in terms of health economics, which is why I selected this recently published original research article to highlight in this commentary.