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Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
COPD is typically caused by inhalation of dusts, gases and vapours which produces inflammation in the airways and/or structural damage to the lung. The main risk remains smoking, though smoking and working in higher risk occupations (e.g., welding) can have an additive effect. Studies which excluded smokers and those with a history of asthma have found that all of the above workers had an increased risk of developing COPD.
Immuno-Pathologic Basis of COVID-19 and the Management of Mild and Moderate Cases
Published in Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, 2022
Debdeep Dasgupta, Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey
The blockage may limit or stop blood flow. A clot that adheres to a vessel wall is called a thrombus, whereas an intravascular clot that floats in the blood is termed an embolus. Thus, a detached thrombus becomes an embolus. Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs (Cecil et al., 2012; Kumar et al., 2014; Hall, 2015; McPhee et al., 2021).
Electrophysiology
Published in A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto, Mechano-Electric Correlations in the Human Physiological System, 2021
A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto
The cardiopulmonary system consists of blood vessels that carry nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and removes carbon dioxide from the tissues in the human body (Humphrey & McCulloch, 2003; Alberts et al., 1994). Blood is transported from the heart through the arteries and the veins transport blood back to the heart. The heart consists of two chambers on the top (right ventricle and left ventricle) and two chambers on the bottom (right atrium and left atrium). The atrioventricular valves separates the atria from the ventricles. Tricuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle, mitral valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle, pulmonary valve situates between right ventricle and pulmonary artery, which carries blood to the lung and aortic valve situated between the left ventricle and the aorta which carries blood to the body (Bronzino, 2000). Figure 3.9 shows the schematic diagram of heart circulation and there are two components of blood circulation in the system, namely, pulmonary and systemic circulation (Humphrey, 2002; Opie, 1998; Milnor, 1990). In pulmonary circulation, pulmonary artery transports blood from heart to the lungs. The blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide at the lungs. The blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein. In the systemic circulation, aorta carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the other parts of the body through capillaries. The vena cava transports deoxygenated blood from other parts of the body to the heart.
Prevalence of covid-19 among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and tuberculosis
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Muhammad Muneeb Hassan, Muhammad Ameeq, Farrukh Jamal, Muhammad H. Tahir, John T. Mendy
This study examined various chest infection-related complaints from patients with COPD and TB. In lung diseases, COPD is a group of diseases that make it hard to breathe and block airflow, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis. The bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis is accountable for causing TB. The lungs are the most common target, but the kidney, spine and brain are all possible locations for TB bacterial infection. However, not all people who contract the tuberculosis (TB) bacteria ever develop symptoms. The SARS-CoV-2, which was discovered in 2019, is the cause of COVID-19, a respiratory disease. Coughing, sneezing and talking all contribute to the spread of the virus from person to person [17]. Diagnoses based on TB and COPD included cough, fever, sputum, right-sided chest pain, acid-fast bacillus (AFB), lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI), TB/pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), shortening of breath (SOB), normal condition, headache, wheezing and body aches [18–29] were present.
Carbon footprint and associated costs of asthma exacerbation care among UK adults
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2022
Kalé Kponee-Shovein, Jessica Marvel, Ryotaro Ishikawa, Abhay Choubey, Harneet Kaur, Praveen Thokala, Khadidja Ngom, Iman Fakih, Todd Schatzki, James Signorovitch
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease of the airways and lungs that places substantial burdens on individual patients and on healthcare systems1. In the UK, for example, the prevalence of asthma is among the highest in Europe, affecting 15.6% of the population, and is associated with approximately one billion pounds of National Health Service (NHS) spending a year2. Symptoms include wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath, and may vary in intensity over time1. In particular, patients may experience episodic acute exacerbations of asthma symptoms that require intensification of usual treatment1. Asthma exacerbations are associated with worsening of quality-of-life for patients3,4, are a primary driver of economic burden for health systems and society5–7, and, in the most severe cases, can be life-threatening1.
Noninvasive detection of COPD and Lung Cancer through breath analysis using MOS Sensor array based e-nose
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Binson V A, M. Subramoniam, Luke Mathew
In India, the majority of lung cancer cases are clinically confirmed at a late stage when symptoms like cough, shortness of breath, frailty, and chest pain are shown up [31,32]. Indian COPD figures show that a direct increase in COPD cases is happening. The COPD cases are raised from 28.1 million in 1990 to 55.3 million in 2016 and the prevalence rate is increased by 1% [33]. COPD is characterized by a progressive barrier to completely irreversible airflow, associated with an abnormal inflammatory response to harmful particles and gases in the lungs and airways, with smoking being the most common cause. The causal association between active smoking and lung cancer is firmly established. The prime factor for the development of COPD is also tobacco smoking. Patients with COPD are more vulnerable to lung cancer. Although tobacco is the etiological factor of both lung cancer and COPD, reduced lung function is another important risk factor. The COPD statistics in India show that more than 85% of the cases are associated with tobacco smoking [31]. Lung cancer and COPD can be detected by analyzing the VOC biomarkers using e-nose equipment built with the sensor array and pattern recognition algorithms [34–37].