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Case Study-Based Big Data and IoT in Healthcare
Published in Govind Singh Patel, Seema Nayak, Sunil Kumar Chaudhary, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Big Data, and Internet of Things for Healthcare, 2023
Arun Kumar Garov, A.K. Awasthi
Asthma is a respiratory disease in which the patient has difficulty breathing in the presence of airborne particles. If the patient does not take care of the convenience, then suddenly there may be trouble, so it becomes necessary for the patient to have an inhaler. In today’s era, the inhalers connected to Internet of Things are an the inhalers is connected to patient with IoT to avoid the problem, which was polluted due to environment around the patient.
Asthma/Bronchial Asthma
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Asthma is a chronic, or long-term, condition that is characterized by intermittent episodes of sudden violent coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing, chest tightness, and breathlessness. Chronic inflammation narrows the airways (bronchoconstriction) in the lungs and produces thick, excess mucus. The bronchioles (smaller branches of the bronchial airways) narrow even further in response to certain stimuli (e.g., pollen, dust, mold, aspirin, exercise, gastroesophageal reflux, respiratory infections, etc.), resulting in periodic attacks. Attacks are complicated by mucus plugs in some of the bronchioles. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. This condition interferes with daily activities and can lead to an acute life-threatening episode.
Molecular Pathophysiology and the Clinical Presentation of COVID-19
Published in Srijan Goswami, Chiranjeeb Dey, COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, 2022
Srijan Goswami, Ushmita Gupta Bakshi
The respiratory system is the network of organs, such as the airways, lungs, blood vessels, and the muscles associated with the lungs, which helps in breathing in and breathing out. These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and expel gases like carbon dioxide (Hall, 2015; Ralston et al., 2018). Figure 3.3 represents the fundamental aspects of the human respiratory system.
Breathing rate estimation based on multiple linear regression
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
We used BIDMC PPG and medical breathing dataset (Goldberger et al. 2000; Pimentel et al. 2017) to establish a linear regression model and evaluate the accuracy of the estimations. The data were acquired from critically ill patients who were breathing normally in hospital. Two annotators manually annotated all breaths by reference to the respiratory signal impedances. The dataset contains 53 patient samples, which parameters including the PPG and respiratory impedance signals, breathing rates, and patient gender and age. The PPG and breathing signals were sampled at 125 Hz, and the breathing rates at 1 Hz, for 8 min. The breathing rate ranged from 0 to 34 breaths per minute (bpm). The mean, standard deviation (SD), and median breathing rate of the dataset were 17.39, 3.69, and 18 bpm, respectively.
Astragaloside IV suppresses inflammatory response via suppression of NF-κB, and MAPK signalling in human bronchial epithelial cells
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Hsi-Lung Hsieh, Shih-Hai Liu, Ya-Ling Chen, Chien-Yi Huang, Shu-Ju Wu
Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the respiratory system, and asthma attacks are characterised by bronchoconstriction and difficulty breathing (Aghasafari et al.2019). Allergens and microorganisms stimulated the activation of bronchial epithelial cells for induced inflammatory response, and secreted excess mucus to cause airway obstruction (Fergeson et al.2017). Recent studies found that activated T cells and inflamed macrophages in the lungs released high levels of TNF-α and then stimulate the bronchial epithelial cells to secrete more inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (Lloyd and Saglani 2015, Parulekar et al.2016). These inflamed cells will induce more severe airway inflammation and cause airway remodelling to alter respiratory function in asthmatic patients (Kudo et al.2013). Therefore, inflamed bronchial epithelial cells play an important role in the pathological features of asthma attacks.
Could kinesiology taping of the inspiratory muscles help manage chronic breathlessness? An opinion paper
Published in Progress in Palliative Care, 2022
G. Banerjee, A. Rose, M. Briggs, P. Plant, M. I. Johnson
Chronic breathlessness is a multidimensional subjective experience of shortness of breath or breathing discomfort that results from complex interactions between pathophysiological, psychosocial and environmental factors. Chronic breathlessness is commonly manifested in patients with long-term or advanced malignant and non-malignant diseases. Treatment of the underlying cause(s) of chronic or refractory breathlessness is often not possible, while its palliation using pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions is challenging and at times inadequate in providing complete relief of symptoms.1–3 The precise physiological mechanism(s) contributing to the perceptual experience of chronic breathlessness is ill-understood. Information arising from activities in mechanoreceptors in the lungs and chest wall, and muscle spindles and tendon organs in respiratory muscles is processed by the cerebrum contributing to respiratory sensations related to muscle tone, proprioception and kinesthesia. It is thought that weakness, fatigue and or mechanical inefficiency of the inspiratory muscles during debilitating diseases contribute to a dissociation between the central respiratory drive influencing motor activity and afferent feedback from peripheral receptors situated in the airways, lungs and chest wall, and that this precipitates breathlessness.3–6