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Respiratory Diseases
Published in Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson, Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson
Respiratory infections are a major public health concern globally. Pneumonia, a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection of the alveoli, can occur in one or both lungs. Most frequently diagnosed on a chest radiograph, pneumonia is usually defined as community-acquired or hospital-acquired. The most common form of bacterial pneumonia is associated with streptococcus (pneumococcus), while many types of viral pneumonia are associated with pathogens such as influenza and coronavirus. Those at a higher risk for acquiring bacterial pneumonia include older individuals, those recovering from injury, illness, or surgery, those with concurrent medical conditions, and/or individuals with tobacco use disorder. Those with viral pneumonia are at risk of developing bacterial pneumonia. A rarer form of pneumonia, chemical pneumonia, is associated with lung inflammation caused by exposure to liquids, gases, or small particles.
Mediastinal masses
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Brent R. Weil, Robert C. Shamberger
The child should be prepared for surgery after completion of diagnostic studies. If a bronchogenic cyst is compressing the airway sufficiently to produce pneumonia or respiratory distress, no undue delay should occur. Appropriate antibiotic coverage and physiotherapy should be instituted for pneumonia. Preliminary bronchoscopy should be avoided in these patients, because a tenuous airway in an infant or child will be further compromised by manipulation. Catecholamine-secreting tumors, primarily paragangliomas, require institution of alpha- and beta-blocking agents and volume repletion. Direct involvement of the bronchus is very rare and compression of the airway can be defined most safely radiographically. In the occasional case of a thymoma and associated myasthenia gravis, the neuromuscular deficit should be minimized as much as possible prior to surgical intervention.
Non-Resolving Pneumonia
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Non-responsive pneumonia or persistence or progression of the pneumonia despite antibiotic treatment is a relatively frequent occurrence and can be due to difficult to treat organisms, host factors and antibiotic factors. In some patients, however, pneumonia improves slower than others and it is more difficult to ascertain whether there is a non-resolving pneumonia or the patient simply needs more time to recover. It is therefore worthwhile to consider the following.
Emerging strategies in nanotechnology to treat respiratory tract infections: realizing current trends for future clinical perspectives
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Minhua Chen, Zhangxuan Shou, Xue Jin, Yingjun Chen
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lungs which affect primarily lung air sacs (alveoli). Alveolar spaces are occupied by pus and fluid which distress breathing and confine oxygen uptake. The lesions appear inside alveoli, often associated with buds of granulation tissue that inhibit the bronchiolar lumen resulting in lung abrasions (Al-Tubaikh, 2010). Many etiological agents are accountable for pneumonia including pathogenic bacteria; S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, S. aureus, gram-negative bacilli, M. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanni, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and opportunistic fungi that reach alveoli by micro aspiration of oropharynges secretion (Sanivarapu & Gibson, 2021). Certain viruses, i.e. coronavirus, adenoviruses, influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial viruses are also responsible for the spread of viral pneumonia (Muhammad et al., 2022). The therapy is initiated after the conformation of an etiological agent and the severity of the disease then the treatment starts in a rational way to treat the development of these resistant strains. However, the current treatment of pneumonia is ineffective due to adverse toxic effects related to antibiotics (vancomycin) and inefficient effects against multidrug resistance (B. Kim et al., 2018). Therefore, nanotechnology is an emerging technique to overcome hurdles in this regulatory fatal infection (Figure 2).
Arid2-IR downregulates miR-132-3p through methylation to promote LPS-induced ALI in pneumonia
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Yuanshui Liu, Chuanyu Bao, Gongping Deng, Yanhong Ouyang
Pneumonia is the swelling of lung tissues that causes accumulation of pus and fluid in alveoli, which is responsible for blood exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (Mandell and Niederman 2019). Pneumonia can be caused by any forms of infection of bacteria, viruses, and fungi (Cillóniz et al. 2019; Rawson et al. 2020; Shi, Han et al. 2020). Without proper treatment, pneumonia may cause painful breathing and reduced oxygen intake (Ebell et al. 2020). In effect, pneumonia is responsible for more than 22% of deaths in children ages 1–5 years old (Howie and Murdoch 2019). For patients who recovered from pneumonia, pathological changes in lungs are usually irreversible, leading to reduced life quality (Quinton et al. 2018). At present, the treatment of this disease mainly includes antibiotics, rest, and fluid intake (Vaughn et al. 2019). However, adverse events may happen and death in many cases is inevitable.
Keeping up with venetoclax for leukemic malignancies: key findings, optimal regimens, and clinical considerations
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Maria Siddiqui, Marina Konopleva
Infectious complications included upper and lower respiratory tract infections to more severe including as pneumonia and sepsis. Mitigation strategies include the use of prophylactic antibiotics and determined by the recovery of ANC, which can be significantly prolonged with venetoclax use especially in the relapsed/refractory setting. In a study by Aldoss et al., in patients with AML treated with HMA-venetoclax, the risk of invasive fungal infections was higher in RR-AML as compared to ND-AML (19% vs 5%) in patients undergoing active treatment [118]. In patients with anticipated neutropenia, antibacterial (fluoroquinolones) together with an antifungal (preferentially mold active agent) and antiviral prophylaxis are used. Echinocandins can be substituted for azoles in hepatic impairment. Judicious dose adjustment of venetoclax is required with concomitant azole use. Gastrointestinal disorders including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and constipation were also reported [31,32,52,55].