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Published in Kristen Davies, Shadaba Ahmed, Core Conditions for Medical and Surgical Finals, 2020
Patients with lung cancer may present with respiratory symptoms (e.g. cough, haemoptysis, shortness of breath), chest pain, recurrent infections, systemic symptoms (fatigue, weight loss) or symptoms from a paraneoplastic syndrome or metastases.
Radiotherapy in cancer patients
Published in Susan F. Dent, Practical Cardio-Oncology, 2019
Girish Kunapareddy, Adarsh Sidda, Christopher Fleming, Chirag Shah, Patrick Collier
For more than a century, the use of radiation therapy has been an integral component in the management of oncological disease, especially breast cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, lung cancer, and other malignancies involving the mediastinum and thorax (1). Radiation therapy can be employed as a single treatment modality, simultaneously with systemic therapies, and/or in conjunction with surgery, while potentially improving survival, organ preservation, and quality of life.
Mechanisms of Resistance to Antineoplastic Drugs
Published in Robert I. Glazer, Developments in Cancer Chemotherapy, 2019
Philip J. Vickers, Alan J. Townsend, Kenneth H. Cowan
Chemotherapy with cytotoxic drugs remains the most effective method of treatment for a wide variety of disseminated cancers. Particular success has been achieved through the use of combination chemotherapy regimens in the treatment of Hodgkin’s disease, acute lymphocytic leukemia, diffuse lymphoma, and testicular cancer.1 In these diseases, chemotherapy regimens frequently produce complete clinical remissions. Combination chemotherapy regimens are also beneficial in patients with many other cancers, including ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and small-cell lung cancer. Although response rates to initial therapy are quite high in these diseases, many patients will eventually relapse. Whereas salvage chemotherapy may be successful in some of these patients, tumors in most patients who relapse are quite refractory to antineoplastic agents. A particularly vexing aspect of this phenomenon is that tumor cells in the setting of relapse are often cross-resistant to agents to which they have never been exposed.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of LungLB for the clinical management of patients with indeterminate pulmonary nodules
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
John E. Schneider, Shawn Davies, Maggie Do Valle, Nadine Chami, Paul C. Pagano, David Anderson, Michael J. Donovan
Lung cancer is the third most common cancer in the United States, and is the leading cause of cancer deaths, with approximately 350 deaths per day1. The 5-year relative survival rate for lung cancer is about 18%, lower than many other leading cancer sites2. The importance of prevention efforts and early cancer detection strategies is emphasized by the high mortality rate. Lung cancer is usually diagnosed through one of three ways: the appearance of symptoms in a patient, lung cancer screening, or incidental findings from a computed tomography (CT) scan. It has been demonstrated that CT scans play a key role in reducing lung cancer mortality, resulting in a rise of CT-detected pulmonary nodules3. An estimated 1.5 million indeterminate pulmonary nodules (IPNs) are detected every year in the United States4.
Chromosome aberrations, micronucleus frequency, and catalase concentration in a population chronically exposed to high levels of radon
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Dwi Ramadhani, Sofiati Purnami, Devita Tetriana, Irawan Sugoro, Viria Agesti Suvifan, Nastiti Rahadjeng, Septelia Inawati Wanandi, Heri Wibowo, Ikuo Kashiwakura, Tomisato Miura, Mukh Syaifudin
Exposure to radon is the major cause of lung cancer in nonsmokers and the second leading cause after tobacco consumption in the general population (Bersimbaev et al. 2020). In recent years, extensive epidemiological studies have shown an association between radon exposure and the prevalence of lung cancer. For example, chronic radon inhalation increases the relative lifetime risk of lung cancer by 16% every 100 Bq/m3 (Darby et al. 2005; Krewski et al. 2006). Such an effect on the risk of cancer can be attributed to the ability of radon to cause DNA damage and subsequent cytogenetic alterations (Meenakshi and Venkatraman 2019). Several studies have found that cytogenetic markers are associated with the risk of cancer (Minina et al. 2018). Analysis of genotoxicity biomarkers in peripheral blood is also an effective method for detecting and quantifying radiation-induced DNA damage. These include CA and cytokinesis block micronucleus (CBMN) assays. Chromosome aberrations are typically assessed in biological dosimetry and are considered the most sensitive indicators of radiation exposure. The CBMN assay, on the other hand, is simpler than the CA assay and useful for estimating DNA damage and cytotoxicity (Hamza and Mohankumar 2009).
Silibinin loaded inhalable solid lipid nanoparticles for lung targeting
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Priya Patel, Mihir Raval, Vishal Airao, Vaibhav Bhatt, Pranav Shah
Around 200 types of cancers exist due to various life factors like genetic causes, lifestyle, and age. Amongst the existing cancers, lung cancer is the most widely spread cancer all around the world. As per World Health Organisation (WHO), lung cancer is divided into four major categories such as adenocarcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and Small cell cancer. The treatment options for lung cancer include surgery, photodynamic therapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and target-specific therapy (Singh and Agarwal 2006). The selection of the treatment option depends upon the location and size of cancer. Several chemotherapeutic agents have been approved for use by USFDA (2003) but the associated limitations include recurrence, lack of target specificity, and superficial increment in lifespan. Furthermore, oral administrations of these agents have demerits such as drug degradation of the drug molecule in the stomach pH, first-pass metabolism, and lack of specificity with conventional carriers which cause toxicity and side effects. Due to the failure and severe toxicity of synthetic chemotherapeutic agents, several alternative medicine approaches like herbal phytochemicals have been increasingly claimed to be safe and effective.