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Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, Lipoprotein Disorders and other Metabolic Diseases
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Body weight is determined by genetic, environmental, cultural and psychosocial factors. Obesity is a condition in which excess body fat accumulates, such that health may be affected. In healthy adult men of average weight, body fat = 15–20% and for women = 25–30% of total body weight. It is difficult to measure body fat directly, so the body mass index (BMI) is usually used as an indirect measure.
Risk factors – Treatable traits
Published in Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord, The Asthmas, 2023
Vibeke Backer, Peter G. Gibson, Ian D. Pavord
Obesity is assessed by measuring both body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Waist circumference is a good predictor of visceral adiposity, with abdominal obesity associated with an increased risk of a number of diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. BMI can be used to stratify treatment approaches (Figure 4.4). BMI >25 indicates a person is overweight. BMI >30 indicates obesity, whereas a BMI >35 indicated morbid obesity.
Mitigation of Obesity: A Phytotherapeutic Approach
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
A.B. Sharangi, Suddhasuchi Das
Any undesirable imbalance between energy intake and expenditure results in obesity. When dietary energy intake exceeds energy spending, surplus energy is converted to triglyceride which is stored in adipose tissue, thereby increasing body fat and causing weight gain. Obesity is assessed by means of body mass index (BMI) which is obtained by dividing the body weight (kg) with the square of height (m). A value of and over 30 kg/m indicates obesity. Nearly 1.9 billion adults (18 years or more) around the world are overweight and about 600 million of them are clinically obese. That is why obesity is recognized as one of the major health related threats throughout the globe (WHO, 2020). This malady, initially a concern for higher-income countries, is now on the rise in low- and middle-income countries also, especially in urban areas. The characteristic symptom of obesity is an increase in adipose cell size as quantified by the amount of fat accumulation at the cytoplasm of adipocytes (Devlin et al., 2000). Enzymes namely fatty acid synthase, lipoprotein lipase and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein controls this metabolic change in the adipocytes (Rosen et al., 2000).
Myostain is involved in ginsenoside Rb1-mediated anti-obesity
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Hong-Shi Li, Jiang-Ying Kuang, Gui-Jun Liu, Wei-Jie Wu, Xian-Lun Yin, Hao-Dong Li, Lei Wang, Tao Qin, Wen-Cheng Zhang, Yuan-Yuan Sun
Obesity, as one of the main public health problems worldwide, can lead to dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, heart failure, tumours, and obstructive sleep apnoea. The main characteristic of obesity is the large accumulation of triglycerides (TG) in adipose tissue, which is due to adipocyte hyperplasia (increased number) or hypertrophy (increased size) or even both. It was believed that adipocyte hypertrophy occurred before adipocyte hyperplasia and was the major mechanism of fat mass expansion (Faust et al. 1978; Duncan et al. 2007). Adipose tissue is mainly composed of fat cells, including white fat, brown fat and beige fat. When the body's energy intake far exceeds the amount consumed, the excess part will be stored as white fat. The treatment of obesity is an effective way to prevent a variety of diseases.
The relationship between anemia and obesity
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2022
Ramadan A. Saad, Haitham MohammedHabib Qutob
It has been reported that the main causes of obesity are environmental and genetic factors. Genetic and environmental factors may be complementary to each other; for example, if a person was genetically predisposed to obesity and exposed to obesity-related environmental factors such as lack of exercise and a fast HFD, obesity developed at a higher rate than in individuals with only genetic predisposition or environmental exposure [13]. A study of monozygotic young adult male twins who were overfed by 1000 kcal/d over a 100-day period demonstrated the importance of genetics in the development of obesity [14]. Body weight, percentage of fat, fat mass, and estimated subcutaneous fat all had similar responses within couples. A study of 540 adult adoptees provided further strong evidence of the role of genetics in obesity [15]. Table 1
Assessing the stress-buffering effects of social support for exercise on physical activity, sitting time, and blood lipid profiles
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Nishat Bhuiyan, Jamie H. Kang, Zack Papalia, Christopher M. Bopp, Melissa Bopp, Scherezade K. Mama
Obesity negatively impacts most bodily systems and is linked to a myriad of chronic conditions including diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, many cancers and cognitive dysfunction.1 With an estimated prevalence of 39.8% among adults, the obesity epidemic continues to pose a significant threat to public health in the United States.2 Obesity prevention primarily consists of promoting the maintenance of a healthy body weight and can include both dietary and physical activity interventions.1 While preventing obesity is a priority across the lifespan, national trends data suggest that early adulthood is a risky period for the development of obesity and is a particularly promising age for intervening.3 Health behaviors that are established during this time can continue into later adulthood.4 Furthermore, individuals who do not engage in behaviors such as physical activity during early adulthood have a higher likelihood of continuing to remain inactive in later adulthood, which increases the potential for health risks such as obesity later in the life span.5,6 Thus, it is critical to establish healthy lifestyle behaviors and to implement strategies against detrimental behaviors during this learning period.