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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Immunotherapy is a cancer treatment method that acts by boosting the immune system’s ability to fight cancer. This cancer therapy works by stimulating the body’s own disease-fighting mechanisms. A large number of studies have been conducted to treat different types of cancer by immunotherapy. For instance, researchers have used monoclonal antibodies that inhibit the function of specific proteins by binding to tumor cells, which, in turn, train the body’s immune system to identify and attack cancer cells. No major side effects have been reported with immunotherapy. Despite the success of immunotherapy, it only works in certain types of cancers and in less number of cancer patients respond to immunotherapy [116].
Overview of Traditional Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Women-Associated Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Malika Ranjan, Namyaa Kumar, Safiya Arfi, Shazia Rashid
Immunotherapy is the cancer treatment that uses body defences to fight cancer. The immunotherapy drugs include CART cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, treatment vaccines, and immunomodulators (Table 1.2). Currently, along with traditional treatment, new advanced treatment strategies are used for the treatment of women-associated cancers.
Applications of Antiviral Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Anusha Konatala, Sai Brahma Penugonda, Fain Parackel, Sudhakar Pola
The treatment of cancer can be targeted to prevent damage to healthy cells since this will increase the treatment quality and life expectancy of the affected individuals. Approaches toward targeted cancer therapy hold a lot of promise with respect to the outcomes and side effects of treatment. Cancer therapy and delivery of diagnostic molecules can be targeted either actively (through specific cell surface antigens/markers) or passively (through the enhanced permeability and retention or EPR effect). Cancer diagnosis is usually determined by the moderate accumulation of the imaging probes (Li et al. 2021). Among the different NPs involved in actively targeting cancer diagnosis, dendrimers are a part the frontrunners for being molecules of interest due to their high density and several terminal groups (Li et al. 2021). A few of the advantages with using dendrimers are as follows:Different surface groups provide different resolutions of imagesLonger retention of dendrimers in lymph nodes due to the phosphate groups at the terminals provides more specific imaging (Nishimoto et al. 2020)The carboxy-terminal groups are noted to have a disposition to the osteolytic bone lesions and bone tumours (Yan et al. 2019)
Monoclonal antibody as a targeting mediator for nanoparticle targeted delivery system for lung cancer
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Nasrul Wathoni, Lisa Efriani Puluhulawa, I Made Joni, Muchtaridi Muchtaridi, Ahmed Fouad Abdelwahab Mohammed, Khaled M. Elamin, Tiana Milanda, Dolih Gozali
The lungs are an important organ in the human body, particularly in the respiratory system. Damage to this organ can endanger lives and perhaps result in death. Lung cancer is a form of cancer that affects the human lungs (Bade & Dela Cruz, 2020). This malignancy is the second most common after breast cancer and has the greatest fatality rate of any type of cancer (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2020). It is reported that this cancer has a mortality rate of 1,796,144 or 18% of the total number of cancer deaths and an incidence rate of 2,206,771 which is 11.4% of all cancer incidences worldwide both in women and men (Globocan, 2020). There are currently three options for cancer treatment: surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy (Abbas & Rehman, 2018). Stage I or II Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ‘NSCLC’ treatment is surgical resection of the tumor followed by adjuvant therapy. When the cancer progresses to stage III or IV, the treatments are chemotherapeutic and/or radiation therapy. Since the cancer invaded surrounding tissues, metastases can occur through the circulatory system or lymphatic system (Huang et al., 2015). Chemotherapy is a form of cancer treatment that employs medications. As a result of the drug’s inability to target specific cells, this therapy is often associated with severe adverse effects (Ohnoshi et al., 1992; Partridge et al., 2001; Sun et al., 2005; Aslam et al., 2014). It has inspired the development of cancer medicines, one of which is the use of nanoparticles.
Immunoinformatics design of multiepitopes peptide-based universal cancer vaccine using matrix metalloproteinase-9 protein as a target
Published in Immunological Medicine, 2021
Abdelrahman H. Abdelmoneim, Mujahed I. Mustafa, Miyssa I. Abdelmageed, Naseem S. Murshed, Enas dk. Dawoud, Enas M. Ahmed, Rahma M. Kamal Eldein, Nafisa M. Elfadol, Anfal Osama M. Sati, Abdelrafie M. Makhawi
Cancer is a chronic disease with varying degrees of manifestations characterized by abnormal cell division and high mortality and morbidity rates, in addition, it is considered the second leading cause of death worldwide with an estimated 8 million death annually and 18 million new cases per year [1–5]. Although the cancer survival rate increased dramatically over the years in many countries, yet more work are needed to improve the prognosis of patients suffering from this debilitating disease [6,7]. Cancer types can either be common or rare, depending on the number of cases associated with it. Usually, any cancer with a number of cases below 6 in 100,000 annually is considered a rare type [8]. All types of cancers cause common clinical symptoms including weight loss, fatigue, pain, nausea, vomiting, and constipation, etc. [9]. Additional symptoms are specific to the site of malignancy [10]. Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women worldwide [11]. Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in both men and women while colorectal is the third most common type of cancer in both sexes [12].
Innate lymphoid cells regulate radiation-induced skin damage via CCR10 signaling
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Yiwen Mao, Rui Tao, Xiaoping Cao, Qin Bao, Dong Wang, Ye Zhao
Radiation therapy is used to treat many cancers. It is a form of electromagnetic radiation using X-rays of the wavelength between 0.01 and 10 nm, which are shorter than ultraviolet rays and usually longer than gamma rays. It is generally believed that radiation therapy has biological effects within hours to weeks after exposure, causing extensive damage to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA and inhibiting cell division and replication capabilities. This damage causes structural destruction of tissues, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduction of functional stem cells, inflammatory reactions in the epidermis and dermis and necrosis of skin cells, which is generally termed ‘radiation damage’. Radiation damage could lead to many complications in patients, such as acute radiation dermatitis (ARDs).