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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Chemotherapy is the use of anticancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. The drugs work by killing cancer cells or interfering with tumor growth. Chemotherapy is usually considered one of the most effective cancer treatment methods; however, this type of therapy can induce severe side effects, as it can also destroy healthy cells. The adverse effects depend upon the type of cancer and the type of drugs used to treat it. Generally, the side effects are not associated with the treatment effectiveness, and once the treatment process is over, the side effects may stop. Normally, chemotherapy agents are prescribed to a patient in measured dosages and in specific intervals of time. Sometimes a combination chemotherapy is used, during which two or more drug agents are used at the same time [114].
Overview of Traditional Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Women-Associated Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Malika Ranjan, Namyaa Kumar, Safiya Arfi, Shazia Rashid
Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that destroys cancer cells and stops cancer cells from growing and dividing. A chemotherapy regimen consists of a specific number of cycles given over a set period. The chemotherapeutic drugs are usually given intravenously or orally (systemic chemotherapy) whereas in certain cases it is delivered to a specific area of the body (intra-arterial, intracavitary and intrathecal chemotherapy). The drugs used in chemotherapy are either used alone or in combination therapies for effective treatment of cancer [22–24]. Since chemotherapeutic drugs also target normal cells, side effects ranging from mild to severe can result depending on the drug dosage. Table 1.1lists the common chemotherapeutic drugs, their brand name along with the mode of action used for different women-associated cancers.
Survival Analysis
Published in Trevor F. Cox, Medical Statistics for Cancer Studies, 2022
The trial was a phase III, two arm, open-label, multi-centre randomised clinical trial. The treatments were: combination gemcitabine and capecitabine (GEMCAP) therapy, and therapy by gemcitabine (GEM) alone, both treatments used as an adjuvant therapy following resection (i.e. chemotherapy used after surgery). Approximately 120 centres in approximately 8 countries were used for recruiting 722 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (361 in each arm) and 740 patients with peri-ampullary carcinoma (370 in each arm). Patients were randomised to arm, but stratified by country and resection margin. Patients received up to 24 weeks of chemotherapy and were followed up every three months for a minimum of 5 years, or until death or withdrawal from the trial.
Analysis of prognostic factors in patients with self-expandable metallic stents for treatment of malignant gastric outlet obstruction
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2023
Yoshiko Nakano, Yoshinori Mizumoto, Bunji Endoh, Tsubasa Shimogama, Satoru Iwamoto, Naoki Esaka, Yoshiyuki Ohta, Katsuyuki Murai, Masaki Murata, Shin’ichi Miyamoto
Fifty-eight of 191 patients (30%) who could be followed up after SEMS placement received systemic chemotherapy after the placement. Among them, 28 patients initiated chemotherapy before SEMS placement and continued it after the placement. The remaining 30 patients initiated chemotherapy after SEMS placement. Patients who received chemotherapy were younger compared to those who did not receive chemotherapy (median age; 70 vs. 76 years, respectively, p= .0017), had more advanced disease (ratio of stage IV; 95 vs. 82%, respectively, p= .022), and better PS (ratio of PS 0–2; 81 vs. 53%, respectively, p= .0003). If stent placement was successful and oral intake improved, chemotherapy could be started soon. The regimens included tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil (S-1), paclitaxel, docetaxel, irinotecan, a combination of S-1 and oxaliplatin or cisplatin, and a combination of 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin and paclitaxel for gastric cancer; gemcitabine (GEM), a combination of GEM and nab-paclitaxel, and a combination of GEM and S-1 for pancreatic cancer; GEM and a combination of GEM and cisplatin for gallbladder cancer; and a combination of 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, oxaliplatin and panitumumab for colon cancer, etc. The chemotherapy was continued until disease progression and/or deterioration of the patient’s general condition. The median duration of chemotherapy was 115 days (range, 11–804 days). One patient who received GEM for pancreatic cancer experienced interstitial pneumonia and died.
13-Acetoxysarcocrassolide induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through mitochondrial dysfunction and suppression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/p70S6K signalling pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Chang-Min Hsu, Jen-Jie Lin, Jui-Hsin Su, Chih-I Liu
Chemotherapy uses drugs that directly destroy cancer cells or inhibit their growth and metastasis. However, chemoresistance is still a problem to be solved. In recent years, several researchers have screened natural active compounds of plants from terrestrial and marine environments and explored their antitumor activities (Lichota and Gwozdzinski 2018; Huang et al. 2021; Zhang et al. 2021). One such compound, 13-acetoxysarcocrassolide, extracted from the soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule, exhibits broad-spectrum cytotoxicity against BFTC cells (Su et al. 2011) and human AGS cells (Su et al. 2014). In this study, the cytotoxic effect of 13-acetoxysarcocrassolide on HA22T and HepG2 cells was investigated, and changes in apoptotic signalling were assessed to determine the mechanism underlying apoptosis induction. The results showed that 13-acetoxysarcocrasside inhibited the growth of HA22T and HepG2 cells, which was positively correlated with its concentration. This compound also induced early and late apoptosis in HA22T and HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the results indicated that 13-acetoxysarcocrassolide, a natural compound, has a cytotoxic effect on and induces apoptosis in HA22T and HepG2 cells.
Primary anaplastic large cell lymphomas of the pancreas
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Ling Chen, John R. Krause, Haiying Zhang
A 66-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain and jaundice. Computed tomography revealed a locally invasive 5.0 × 3.9 cm mass in the porta hepatis/pancreatic head. There was no peripheral adenopathy and no involvement of liver or spleen. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging showed the mass contiguous with the largest conglomerate of lymph nodes in the porta hepatis region. The imaging findings raised broad differentials, including primary pancreatic carcinoma, primary pancreatic lymphoma, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and metastasis. Fine needle aspiration of the pancreatic mass (Figure 2a, 2b) revealed large-sized malignant cells with abundant cytoplasm and pleomorphic, eccentric nuclei. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for CD30 (Figure 2c) and CD4, patchy positive for CD3, and negative for CD20 and ALK (Figure 2d). The malignant cells were also negative for CK-CAM 5.2, CK19, SOX10, synaptophysin, chromogranin, as well as for mucicarmine stain and EBER. The Ki-67 proliferative index was nearly 90% in malignant cells. Diagnosis of ALK-negative ALCL was made. The patient was scheduled to receive chemotherapy at another institution.