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Leukemia
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Leukemia is cancer of the early blood-forming cells (lymphoid cells and myeloid cells). Most often, leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells causing a rise in the number of white blood cells that end up being too numerous and do not work properly. Some leukemias, however, can start in other blood cell types. People with leukemia are at significantly increased risk for developing infections, anemia, and bleeding. Other symptoms and signs include easy bruising, weight loss, night sweats, and unexplained fevers.1 Leukemia can affect children, but affects adults more often. Nothing can be done to prevent leukemia.
Lifetime Data and Concepts
Published in Prabhanjan Narayanachar Tattar, H. J. Vaman, Survival Analysis, 2022
Prabhanjan Narayanachar Tattar, H. J. Vaman
Leukemia is the cancer of body's blood-forming tissues and generally it includes the bone marrow and the lymphatic system. A standard treatment is the bone marrow transplant. Post transplantation, the patient is closely observed until the patient can be declared as “cured”, and this period is called the remission time. The bone marrow transplant is a complex operation and the recovery following the operation is also critical. A transplantation is marked as failure if the patient's leukemia relapses or if death is observed within the remission time. On the other hand, the success of transplantation is guided by the recovery process which in turn depends on two intermediate events: (i) development of acute graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) within the first 100 days and (ii) recovery of platelet count to a level marked as more than 400 million per liter. The recovery course also depends on risk factors such as the time of tranplantation, the leukemia stage, age and gender of the patient, the time from diagnosis to transplantation, etc. Following the surgery, the recovery also depends on variables such as occurrence of acute/chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD), return of platelet count to normal levels, return of granulocytes to normal levels, or development of infections. See Section 1.3 of Klein and Moeschberger (2003)[64].
Antineoplastic Drugs during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) was the most common malignancy encountered, and most cases (60 percent) were recognized in the latter two thirds of pregnancy (see Table 7.4). Estimated survival rate was 75 percent in one report (n = 45 pregnant women with acute leukemia) (Reynoso et al., 1987), similar to the rate among non-pregnant patients with acute leukemia (Caliguri and Mayer, 1989). There was no significant difference in survival rates between patients diagnosed at different gestational stages (first trimester, 17 percent, second trimester, 35 percent, third trimester 20 percent). Survival did differ among those who not receive therapy during pregnancy (36 percent versus 28 percent, respectively, p<0.85), but this is based on only 28 patients. Therefore, pregnancy per se does not affect the course of leukemia.
Establishment and validation of prognostic nomogram in acute leukemia with trisomy 8
Published in Hematology, 2023
Tianxia Deng, Sheng Wang, Zhuonan Ran, Qiulian Liu, Mingxia Wang
Acute leukemia is a common cancer in children and adults under 35 years of age, which has a high degree of heterogeneity. So far, there are more than 2 million children with leukemia in China, and the number of new cases continues to grow at a rate of 30,000–40,000 per year [9]. Complex chromosome abnormalities have been reported in most leukemia patients [10]. Acute leukemia is characterized by cytogenetic and molecular biological abnormalities and patients have varying susceptibility to treatment, leading to different prognosis in acute leukemia patients [11]. Chromosome 8 contains multiple genetic disease pathogenic genes, accounting for approximately 1.5% of the total number of genes, 16% of which are associated with cancer development [12]. Trisomy 8 means common cytogenetic alterations in acute leukemia, with an incidence of 10%∼15%. Chromosome 8 is strongly associated with alterations in DNA methylation genes, spliceosome complex genes and myeloid transcription factor genes in acute leukemia, and these alterations may have a significant impact on the development and prognosis of leukemia [13]. Studies in the past decades have shown that survival rates of acute leukemia patients have not improved, with an overall 5-year survival rate of about 27% in adult patients. Although acute myeloid leukemia patients are treated with standard treatments such as anthracyclines and cytarabine therapy, it is difficult to treat patients with relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia, with a 3-year survival rate below 10% for patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia [14, 15].
An overview of the molecular and clinical significance of the angiopoietin system in leukemia
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2023
Saeed Zaka Khosravi, Samira Molaei Ramshe, Mehdi Allahbakhshian Farsani, Mohammadreza Moonesi, Faroogh Marofi, Majid Farshdousti Hagh
Leukemia is a group of blood malignancies that stem from the blood-forming tissues, namely bone marrow (BM). In the BM, abnormal and immature leukocytes called blasts are uncontrollably proliferated as they finally invade the bloodstream and spread throughout the body, causing metastasis. According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), leukemia is estimated to cause 3.2% of all new cancer cases in 2022 and 3.9% of all cancer deaths in the United States [1]. A wide range of cases, from children to the elderly, maybe afflicted by this disorder. There are four essential types of leukemia depending on the type of predominant white blood cells in BM and other blood-forming tissues: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Each type has a different cellular and molecular origin, prognosis, and patients’ age pattern [2,3]. A combination of different causes is reported to account for leukemia subtypes in both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors include cytogenetic complications such as Down syndrome, DNA mutations, epigenetic alterations, and diversification in the expression of genes in signaling pathways, such as ones involved in blood cell proliferation and BM microenvironment [2,4].
Pharmacokinetics and safety of dasatinib and its generic: a phase I bioequivalence study in healthy Chinese subjects
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2023
Yanli Wang, Jinling Xue, Zhengjie Su, Yingzi Cui, Guangwen Liu, Wei Yang, Zhengzhi Liu, Jiahui Chen, Qing Ren, Shuang Yu, Yang Cheng, Yannan Zhou, Wanhua Wang, Xuesong Chen, Dongmei Qu, Qiaohuan Deng, Yicheng Zhao, Haimiao Yang
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a chronic myeloproliferative disease whose main pathogenic mechanism is the mutual translocation of chromosome 9 and chromosome 22 to form the characteristic Philadelphia chromosome (PH) and BCR: ABL1 fusion gene [1–3]. It accounts for approximately 15% of adult leukemia with an annual incidence of 1–2 cases per 100,000 population, and the median survival of untreated patients was 3 to 5 years [4]. Imatinib is a first-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeting BCR: ABL1 and is the first approved TKI for treating all phases of CML [5,6]. A clinical study has shown that after taking 400 mg of imatinib, the overall complete cytogenetic response rates (CCyR) were 87% [5]. Despite imatinib showing well efficacy in CML patients, some patients cannot respond to imatinib (primary resistance) or are intolerant after an initial response (secondary resistance) [7]. The main reason is that BCR: ABL1 kinase domain mutations, hinder the bond between imatinib and BCR: ABL1, bring an urgent need for additional therapies.