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Cancer
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Bone marrow produces red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells. Blood cells begin life as immature stem cells inside the marrow. Lymphoid stem cells develop into white blood cells called lymphocytes. Myeloid stem cells develop into white blood cells (monocytes and granulocytes), red blood cells and platelets. A mutation in the stem cells will cause the production of abnormal blood cells. These do not form tumours but accumulate in the blood stream. Leukaemia is cancer of white blood cells. Acute forms develop very quickly, and chronic forms develop slowly. Acute myeloid leukaemia starts with immature, abnormal myeloid blood cells in the bone marrow (Figure 14.2)Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia starts with immature, abnormal lymphocytes in the bone marrowChronic lymphocytic leukaemia starts with almost mature, abnormal lymphocytesChronic myeloid leukaemia starts with almost mature, abnormal granulocytes
The patient with acute cardiovascular problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Leukaemia is a cancer of the bone marrow that results in huge numbers of immature and ineffective white cells being produced. This makes the patient susceptible to infection and also causes other cells to be ‘crowded out’, often resulting in severe anaemia and bleeding.
Bone Marrow Cell Counting: Methodological Issues
Published in Adrian P. Gee, BONE MARROW PROCESSING and PURGING, 2020
Elizabeth J. Read, Charles S. Carter, Herbert M. Cullis
Bone marrow is a highly cellular tissue that contains a large number of blood vessels. When bone marrow is harvested for transplantation, these vessels are easily disrupted, and the resulting marrow suspension therefore consists not only of marrow cells and stromal elements (bone spicules, fat, and fibroblasts), but also of mature blood cells (leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets) and plasma from the admixed peripheral blood. In fact, the contribution of peripheral blood nucleated cells to the nucleated cell content of harvested marrow can be significant: in one study, peripheral blood nucleated cells accounted for up to 93% of the total nucleated cells aspirated from sternal marrow in patients with leukemia.7 Another study demonstrated that the larger the volume of an individual aspiration from the marrow, the greater the admixture of peripheral blood.8
Genotoxicity of nedaplatin in cultured lymphocytes: modulation by vitamin E
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Muntaha S. Al-Khdour, Omar F. Khabour, Laith N. Al-Eitan, Karem H. Alzoubi
Cancer treatment includes different approaches such as surgery, radiation, bone marrow transplantation, and chemotherapy. In the chemotherapy approach, one or more anti-cancer drugs are usually utilized in the treatment regimen. Platinum compounds such as nedaplatin are among the most active metal-based antitumor agents (Rottenberg et al.2021). Nedaplatin has fewer side effects than other platinum compounds (Zhou et al.2020). Among the reported side effects include nausea, vomiting, and nephrotoxicity (Fu et al.2020). The antitumor efficacy of nedaplatin is utilized against solid tumors including cancers of the ovary (Soeda et al.2020), esophagus (Chen et al.2021), nose-pharynges (Zuo et al.2020), breast (Pang et al.2016), uterus (Mori et al.2019), head and neck (Okuda et al.2019), and lungs (Kanaji et al.2020).
Protective effect of chrysin, a flavonoid, on the genotoxic activity of carboplatin in mice
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Basit L. Jan, Ajaz Ahmad, Altaf Khan, Muneeb U. Rehman, Khalid M. Alkharfy
Bone-marrow is a rich source of both hematopoietic and stromal stem-cells as well as the place where they differentiate in an adult cell population (Acton 2013). These cells are extremely sensitive to mutagenic agents and therefore highly susceptible to damage to the DNA, which can induce mutations and genomic disarray and can be particularly hazardous in undifferentiated cells in the bone marrow (Antunes 1999). If these cells stay alive and multiply, the perils of a secondary cancer become considerably higher (Travis et al. 1996). The primary objective during chemotherapy is to avoid damaging the noncancer cells from the unfavorable side-effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. The benefit of using naturally occurring edible antioxidants can reduce the incidence of these harmful effects and some may infact help in preventing the damage to the DNA caused by these drugs according to many studies (Mora et al. 2002).
Remote Home Monitoring of Patients with Cancer During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Published in Oncology Issues, 2022
Mary Steimer, Jessica Leabo, Hongkun Wang, David Heyer, Nancy Bowles, Laura Matthews, Timothy L. Cannon, Raymund Cuevo, William B. Ershler, Danielle Shafer, Sekwon Jang, Angela Pennisi, Amjaad Al-Hussain, Kirby Farrell, John F. Deeken
The reasoning behind a COVID-19 infection disproportionally affecting individuals with cancer is multi-factorial. In those with cancer, immune system function can be suppressed due to the disease itself or the therapies used to treat the disease. Some types of cancers can inhibit the immune system by suppressing bone marrow function, reducing the body’s white blood cell count and, in turn, the ability to fight off infection. Cytotoxic chemotherapy and other immune-suppressing agents can have a similar effect and may increase the risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2 in these individuals. There is also ongoing research into the molecular pathways shared by oncogenesis and COVID-19 that may provide further insight into the susceptibility of this patient population.4 For patients with risk factors for severe disease, it is recommended that they undergo close monitoring for clinical progression with a low threshold for additional evaluations.5