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The Cardiovascular System
Published in Charles Paul Lambert, Physiology and Nutrition for Amateur Wrestling, 2020
Plasma contains the proteins albumin, fibrinogen, and globulins. Plasma is primarily water in addition to these proteins. Red blood cells contain the protein hemoglobin which has binding sites for oxygen. The major function of the red blood cells is to transport oxygen. The red blood cells pick up oxygen at the lungs as they go through and dump the oxygen off at the level of the tissue capillaries where the oxygen can go into the cells and be used for cellular metabolism and the production of large quantities of the energy substance called ATP in the mitochondria. Additionally, the white blood cells are cells of the immune system, and they are the defense system of the body against foreign invaders. The platelets are involved in blood clotting and quantitatively a very small portion of the formed elements. Together the white blood cells are also called leukocytes, and platelets make up less than 1% of the formed elements.
Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
Published in Lloyd N. Friedman, Martin Dedicoat, Peter D. O. Davies, Clinical Tuberculosis, 2020
CT and MRI studies may demonstrate basilar meningitis, hydrocephalus, or show evidence of tuberculous abscesses (Figure 14.5). However, to confirm the diagnosis, CSF must be sampled for examination and culture. CSF protein is usually elevated ranging from 100 to 500 mg/dL but may be higher when spinal block is present.63,65 Very high protein concentrations are associated with a worse prognosis but increasing concentrations during treatment does not necessarily represent treatment failure.66 CSF glucose is usually below 40 mg/dL and the CSF/blood glucose ratio is below 0.5 in most patients.64,66 White blood cell counts are elevated with values of 100–1000 cells/μL, most of which are lymphocytes, although polymorphonuclear cells may predominate early in the disease.64 AFB smears of CSF are positive in only 10%–30% of cases, and cultures are positive in approximately 45%–70%.29 Two meta-analyses estimated the test characteristics of ADA in CSF. One included 10 studies and reported a sensitivity and specificity of 79% and 91%, respectively.67 The second meta-analysis included 13 studies and noted that the test characteristics were very sensitive to the threshold used to define an elevated ADA level.68 If a 4 U/L threshold was used, the sensitivity and specificity were >93% and <80%, respectively. In a retrospective study from South Africa, the optimum threshold was calculated to be 2 U/L which gave a sensitivity of 86% and specificity of 78%.69 However, using this threshold, 13 cases of TB meningitis were missed.
Transplants: Experiment or Therapy?
Published in David Lamb, Organ Transplants and Ethics, 2020
Allogenic bone marrow transplants are increasingly performed on persons who are unable to produce the white blood cells necessary for destroying infectious bacteria, and long-term survival is common. It is frequently used as a treatment modality for patients with aplastic anaemia and other immune disorders. ‘Even with leukemias, significant long-term survivals occur in recipients of HLA-compatible marrow’ (Kirkpatrick, 1987:2999), especially if transplantation is performed early enough or during remission. Bone marrow transplantation is also being evaluated as a method for the correction of certain genetically determined diseases, such as Hodgkin’s disease, and other inborn errors of metabolism.
Evaluation of blood cellular and biochemical parameters in rats under a chronic hypoxic environment at high altitude
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Chunlong Yan, Dengfeng Tian, Chenhong Zhang, Qiang Zhang, Yanqiu Sun
White blood cells are a very important kind of blood cell in the blood. In addition, White blood cells are the ‘guardians’ of the human body in the fight against the disease. When bacteria invade the human body, white blood cells can pass through the capillary wall through deformation, concentrate on the invasion site of bacteria, and surround and engulf the bacteria [13–14]. Different kinds of white blood cells participate in the body’s defence response in different ways [15–16]. Table 2 shows that compared with the Control group, WBC, LYMP, EO, LYMP% and EO% in the HA group decreased significantly (p < 0.05), and ANC% increased significantly (p < 0.05). The ANC, MONO and BASO in the HA group were lower than those in the Control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) (Figure 2(A–F)). The MONO% and BASO% in the HA group were higher than those in the Control group, and the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The white blood cells in the blood components of rats at high altitudes changed, there were increases in the number of white blood cells, the absolute number of lymphocytes, the percentage of lymphocytes, the absolute number of eosinophils, and the percentage of eosinophils and a decrease in the percentage of neutrophils. The changes in leukocyte-related indicators in the HA group suggest that the body’s resistance to disease is reduced in the low hypoxic environment at high altitudes. Whether this is related to the occurrence of acute and chronic high-altitude disease remains to be further studied.
Does leukocytosis remain a predictive factor for survival outcomes in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia receiving ATRA plus a chemotherapy-based regimen? A prospective multicenter analysis from TALWG
Published in Hematology, 2023
Smith Kungwankiattichai, Weerapat Owattanapanich, Thanawat Rattanathammethee, Ekarat Rattarittamrong, Chantiya Chanswangphuwana, Chantana Polprasert, Wasithep Limvorapitak, Supawee Saengboon, Pimjai Niparuck, Teeraya Puavilai, Jakrawadee Julamanee, Pirun Saelue, Chinadol Wanitpongpun, Kannadit Prayongratana, Chantarapa Sriswasdi, Chajchawan Nakhakes
CR was defined as: (1) a bone marrow blast count of <5%, (2) the absence of circulating blasts and blasts with Auer rods, (3) the absence of extramedullary disease, (4) an absolute neutrophil count of ≥1.0 × 109/L, and (5) a platelet count of ≥100 × 109/L [9]. OS was defined as the time from diagnosis to death from any cause or last follow-up. LFS was defined as the time from CR to the date of the molecular relapse, hematologic relapse, or death from any cause, whichever came first [10]. The APL risk classification was defined according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)’s AML guidelines [11]. Patients with a white blood cell (WBC) count ≤ 10 × 109/L were categorized as having low-risk disease, while those with a higher WBC count had a high-risk disease. The differentiation syndrome (DS) was composed of the presence signs and symptoms of fever, weight increase caused by fluid retention, lung infiltrates, pleural effusions, respiratory failure, pericardial effusion, and acute renal failure. The International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH)- disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) scoring system was determined in all eligible patients at diagnosis [12]. The DIC score of ≥5 was defined as overt DIC [12]. Early death (ED) was determined as death within 30 days after APL diagnosis [13].
Research progress and value of albumin-related inflammatory markers in the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer: a review of clinical evidence
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2023
Chuan-long Zhang, Meng-qi Gao, Xiao-chen Jiang, Xue Pan, Xi-yuan Zhang, Yi Li, Qian Shen, Yan Chen, Bo Pang
Inflammation of the tumour microenvironment (TME) is characterized by the presence of host leukocytes in both stroma and tumour sites [37]. White blood cells include neutrophils and lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes, with neutrophils and lymphocytes being the most strongly associated with inflammation [38]. Current studies have shown that neutrophils play a key role at different stages of tumour development. TME can influence the emergence of distinct neutrophil phenotypes that give rise to several key mediators associated with tumour growth and aggressiveness. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a commonly used marker of systemic inflammation. NLR >5 is generally considered to indicate ongoing systemic inflammation [39]. NLR can be used to predict the prognosis of patients with stage IIIB-IV NSCLC treated with PD-1 inhibitors [40]. LMR has also been used as one of the markers of systemic inflammation [41,42]. In recent years, the role of platelet count in inflammation has also been gradually appreciated [43,44]. The emergence of the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) threatens the status of NLR to some extent [45,46]. Thus we describe albumin-related inflammatory markers based on peripheral blood cells, mainly including PNI, advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI), Alb concentration combined with NLR (COA-NLR), NLR × D-dimer count/albumin (NLDA), albumin and neutrophil combined prognostic grade (ANPG) and HALP. Their definitions were detailed in Table 3.