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Haematological Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
The function of monocytes is to phagocytose invading microbes and other foreign material, process resulting peptides, and present them bound to surface MHC-2 complexes for recognition and response by T and B lymphocytes. Normal monocyte count: 0.4–1.1 × 109/LIncreased monocyte count: >1.1 × 109/L = monocytosisDecreased monocyte count: <0.4 × 109/L = monocytopenia
Inflammatory Disorders of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
No peripheral blood findings are diagnostic of the disease: Full blood count: anemia, increased monocyte count.Serum calcium: elevated.Serum immunoglobulins: hypergammaglobulinemia.Serum ACE: elevated in about two-thirds of patients, but it is neither sensitive (sensitivity varies from 56% to 86%) nor specific. The false-positive rate in a normal population is about 2–4%. The level of serum ACE can correlate with the severity of the lung disease and the presence or absence of extrathoracic disease – but also with ACE-inhibitor therapy.
Aspergillosis and Mucormycosis
Published in Rebecca A. Cox, Immunology of the Fungal Diseases, 2020
Alayn R. Waldorf, Richard D. Diamond
Like the alveolar macrophage, the mechanism(s) by which monocytes kill or inhibit germination of conidia and spores is not clear. The combination of myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and a halide appears to play an important role in the anticonidial activity of human blood monocytes.64 Damage to Aspergillus conidia and Rhizopus spores by the myeloperoxidase system can be inhibited by azide and catalase, confirming the requirement for hydrogen peroxide. However, the system is not inhibited by hydroxyl radical scavengers such as dimethyl sulfoxide or mannitol (see Table 1).
Prognostic Value of Systemic Inflammation Score for Esophageal Cancer Patients Undergoing Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2023
Lingfang Shi, Xiufang Wang, Chungen Yan
The good prognostic ability of SIS could be due to the fact that it combines two singular important indicators: LMR and albumin. Separately, both these variables can predict outcomes in cancer patients, but the predictive value of SIS is better than that of individual values [12]. Low albumin levels are related to malnutrition and cachexia and reflect the baseline inflammatory and nutritional levels of the patient [10]. Lymphocyte levels on the other hand represent the innate and adaptive immunity of the cancer patient and have anti-malignancy properties by limiting the multiplication, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells [29]. Higher levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with better outcomes in cancer patients [30]. In contrast, high monocyte counts are associated with the proliferation of cancer, and tumor-monocyte-endothelial interaction has been linked to higher chances of metastasis [31, 32]. Therefore, the combination of albumin, lymphocytes, and monocytes in SIS could result in its better prognostic value in esophageal cancer patients. However, the efficiency of SIS as compared to the established TNM system is still unclear. Additionally, it is not established yet whether combining SIS with TNM will potentially increase the predictability of outcomes. There is a need for further studies on the prognostic value of SIS alone and in combinations with the TNM system to generate evidence on the best prognostic indicators for esophageal cancer.
The significance of CD14 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma progression and survival prognosis
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Ning Yi Yap, Teng Aik Ong, Jayalakshmi Pailoor, Glenda Gobe, Retnagowri Rajandram
CD14 positive immune cells may contribute to sCD14 in the circulation, and we have investigated the association of sCD14 levels in the serum of ccRCC patients with RCC progression. The concentration of serum sCD14 was significantly higher in ccRCC patients compared to non-cancer controls, demonstrating that there may be an activation of systemic inflammation which included CD14 positive cells in RCC patients. A higher sCD14 concentration was significantly associated with tumour progression or cancer stage, and was an independent unfavourable prognostic factor for survival in our cohort of ccRCC patients. A study investigating peripheral monocyte count in colorectal patients reported that higher preoperative peripheral blood monocyte count was an independent risk factor for liver metastasis and adversely impacted the 5-year OS of patients (Hu et al.2016). In addition, elevated pre-treatment peripheral monocyte count in oral cavity cancer patients was an independent predictor of poor OS (Bobdey et al.2017). In our cohort of RCC patients, peripheral monocyte count had a positive but non-statistically significant correlation with serum sCD14 levels (p = 0.057). However, peripheral monocyte count was not significantly associated with survival in this study (data not shown). A possible reason for the non-statistical significant associations could be the lower number of patients with peripheral monocyte count for evaluation. Moreover, infiltrating CD14 immune cells at and near the tumour site could also contribute to and elevate sCD14 levels.
Strategies to evaluate potential effector function of glycan variants: A case study of ordesekimab (AMG 714 or PRV-015)
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2022
Yu-Ling Wei, Teresa Wegesser, Scott Kuhns, Jonathan Werner, Hervé Lebrec, Xiaoting Wang
The 1-month and 3-months GLP studies were conducted in cynomolgus macaques of Chinese origin dosed with Hu714MuXHu containing 2.3% HM, while the 6-months toxicology study was conducted in cynomolgus macaques of Mauritius origin with administration of Hu714MuXHu containing 7.9% HM. Because the cynomolgus FcγRIIIα can efficiently bind human IgG1 with even a slightly higher affinity than human FcγRIIIα (Warncke et al. 2012; Crowley and Ackerman 2019), monocyte counts were analyzed from hematology data collected from individual animals in all three studies, including the recovery phases (Figure 3(A–C)). Despite the normal fluctuation in counts over time, no test article-related reduction in monocyte counts were observed in any studies. Moreover, no histopathological findings in organs with IL-15Rα-expressing cells were observed in any studies (data not shown). Thus, results of these toxicology studies demonstrated the lack of Hu714MuXHu-mediated effector function in vivo in cynomolgus macaques.