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Radiobiology of Normal Tissues
Published in W. P. M. Mayles, A. E. Nahum, J.-C. Rosenwald, Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics, 2021
Most tissues consist of a complex variety of cell types. Often, there is a principal functional cell type that is referred to as the parenchymal component of the tissue. Invariably, there is also a connective-tissue component made up of fibroblasts, blood vessels, nerve cells and mobile cells such as macrophages. The epithelial tissues that cover the outside of the body (i.e. epidermis) and the lining of the gut are structurally the easiest to understand. Here, the parenchymal component is a sheet of cells, one or more cells thick, lying on supportive connective-tissue structures. When this type of tissue is exposed to radiation, all cell types are damaged, and this damage may be expressed in different ways. Some epithelial tissues are in a state of rapid cell turnover in which the structure shown schematically in Figure 7.1 can clearly be seen. There are stem cells that have the dual ability to renew themselves and also to differentiate into mature cells. Differentiation means changing into a special type of cell with the ability to perform a specialised function. In the small intestine, this function is to absorb nutrients from the gut; in the skin, the function is to act as a waterproof and physical barrier.
A trip up the garden path
Published in Margaret Walshe, Nick Miller, Clinical Cases in Dysarthria, 2021
Differentiation rests on an intimate knowledge of the causes, course, range of presenting symptoms and their variation, associated with candidate syndromes. Diagnosis, however, does not rest solely on ruling out all other possibilities, and functional neurological disorders should be recognisable by positive, rule-in features.
Oncogenesis and Metastasis
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
The ‘Degree of differentiation’ is how different a cancer appears from its cell of origin.Used to classify tumour grades.High-grade tumours are poorly or undifferentiated and do not resemble the cell of origin.Example: The Gleason score (Donald Gleason, 1960s) reflects prostate glandular architecture.
The effect of ionomycin-induced oocyte activation on multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2023
Zhiren Liu, Yujia Guo, Xingting Chen, Chen Lin, Xinxin Guo, Mingting Jiang, Qicai Liu
Day 6 embryos with blastulation failure are suitable for the comparison. Through the transcriptome analysis of day 6 embryos, GO analysis showed that AOA had effects on the terms of ‘protein-DNA complex’, ‘nucleosome’, and ‘DNA packaging complex’. It indicated that AOA had an effect on the chromosome structure of the day 6 embryo. The change in chromosome structure can further affect transcriptional regulation and selective expression of genes. Cell differentiation depends on gene-specific expression. Therefore, cell differentiation may also be affected by AOA. It may be why the blastocysts of AOA groups had more differentiation failure cells. In addition, in the ‘protein heterodimerization activity’ term, except for the genes involved in chromosome structure, most of the rest of the genes are involved in transcriptional regulation. These genes included USF1, NFYB, METTL3, LSM6, GTF2A1, FMR1, CREB3L3, CEBPB, and BHLHE40 (Table 2 and Supplementary Table 3). METTL3 has been shown to be involved in the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (Geula et al. 2015). Therefore, AOA also has a direct effect on transcriptional regulation.
Clinical pharmacological innovation in the treatment of depression
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Jeffrey M Witkin, Lalit K Golani, Jodi L Smith
Critical to the advancement of improved treatments for depression is embracing the fact that depression is a heterogeneous disorder [130–133]. In addition to the distinction between unipolar and bipolar depression, there are a host of differentiating features in depressed patients that are likely related to treatment outcome. Heterogeneous patient populations exist within the global depression population, beginning at the simplest of identifiers such as sex and age, to differentiators of symptom spectra, disease longevity, and disease severity [134,135]. If these differentiating disease features are not considered in the design and interpretation of our studies, the discovery and development of improved treatment options will likely be impeded. These differences in patient status clearly need to be embraced for best practice patient care and also for advancing new potential treatments [136].
Adrenergic receptor behaviors of mesenchymal stem cells obtained from different tissue sources and the effect of the receptor blockade on differentiation
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Erkan Maytalman, Arash Alizadeh Yegani, Ilknur Kozanoglu, Fazilet Aksu
Differentiation capacity of MSCs is important for tissue repair after transplantation. However, MSCs also have potential for use in clinical trials after in vitro differentiation [13,14]. Thus, the way in which receptor mechanisms affect differentiation is important. Cell differentiation depends on several signaling pathways. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) belongs to nuclear hormone receptor family and acts as a trigger for differentiation, which is abundantly expressed in adipogenic modulation of MSCs [15,16]. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are signal molecules that stimulate ectopic bone formation. The activation of BMPs is important for osteogenic differentiation of MSCs harboring all BMP receptors [17,18]. These molecules were shown to be associated with ARs in rare studies [19,20].