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Nanotechnology in Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy and Its Applications
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Adult stem cells are derived from adult tissues as undifferentiated cells and found in various body tissues. Current studies report that these cells can change from diverse germ layers into cell types, i.e. mesoderm-derived bone marrow stem cells can transform into mesoderm and endoderm-derived cell lineages like the lung, liver, the GI tract, skin, and so on. In vivo studies have revealed that restoration of damaged organs occurs with the transplantation of adult stem cells (Chimutengwende and Khan 2012). Other studies have shown that cultured adult stem cells secrete various molecular mediators with properties that promote repair.
Reproduction
Published in Gary Chan Kok Yew, Health Law and Medical Ethics in Singapore, 2020
The statutory enactment was influenced by the BAC (2002) Report. In particular, the BAC (2002) Report recommended that research involving human embryos should be permitted subject to the 14-day period of the embryo’s development. The position of the Catholics and Protestants groups which responded to the BAC (2002) Report was that the embryo from conception is already a human person. Hence, they rejected the destruction of embryos arising from human stem cell research and advocated instead that human embryonic research should be carried out using adult stem cells derived from competent consenting adults or from umbilical cord blood (Kaan 2010).133 On the other hand, the Muslim and Jewish groups responded that human life does not begin at conception (Kaan 2010).134 The BAC (2002) Report eventually adopted a “moderate approach” on the form of respect to be accorded to a human embryo135 based on the following ethical values136: the results must be both just and sustainable. ‘Just’ refers to the obligation to respect the common good, that there must be fair sharing of the costs and benefits. ‘Sustainable’ refers to an obligation to respect the needs of generations yet unborn. The principles include the concepts of beneficence and nonmaleficence, that of encouraging the pursuit of social benefits while avoiding or ameliorating potential harm.
Regenerative Medicine in Pain Management
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
Sharon McQuillan, Rafael Gonzalez
Adult stem cells are found throughout the body. The primary role of these cells is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found. Adult stem cells possess two very important properties—self-renewal and differentiation. Adult stem cells are multipotent, meaning they can be differentiated into subsets of cell types. Stem cells have been used for many different disease states as they also have the capacity to change the local environment via their paracrine effect, which may render them capable of disease modification.
Highly specific functional equivalence of XN-HPC for optimum CD34+ cell count in harvested allogeneic bone marrow stem cell products
Published in Hematology, 2022
Aisha Jamal, Tahir Khan, Uzma Zaidi, Quratul Ain Rizvi, Shafaq Jahanzeb, Ali Salim, Mehjabeen Imam, Tahir Shamsi
In recent years, several stem cell–based therapeutic avenues have been explored owing to the advent of stem cell research and extraordinary advances in cellular and molecular biology. Stem cells are defined by their unlimited capacity of self-renewal and ability to differentiate into various healthy specialized cells [1–3]. The term ‘stem cell’ encompasses diverse cellular origins and biological characterization. Based on their origin, stem cells are designated either as embryonic stem cells or as adult/somatic stem cells. Attributable to their distinct biological properties, embryonic stem cells exhibit pleuripotency, i.e. the ability to differentiate into all cell types, whereas adult stem cells are multipotent and demonstrate more restricted plasticity and differentiation potential [4].
The Effect of Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction Cells to Abdominal Wall Fascia Defects in Rats: An Experimental Study
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Elif Tuncay, Ozan Akinci, Asiye Perek, Esin Aktas Cetin, Nuray Kepil, Murat Toksoy, Nurdan Altan
Stem cells are capable of self-renewal and can differentiate into many types of cells and turn into mature differentiated cells. Adipose tissue offers a rich and accessible reserve of multipotent adult stem cells for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF), obtained through the enzymatic digestion of lipectomy material with collagenase, consists of mesenchymal stem cells. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AD-MSCs), originating from mesoblast cells, are multipotent and can differentiate into many types of cells, such as adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and myocytes [5]. A multipotent stem cell can be derived from various sources, such as bone marrow or umbilical cord blood. However, due to the difficulty in derivation and ethical concerns about multiple stem cells, accessing AD-MSCs is an easier, more convenient, and more cost-effective method [6–8].
Connexins in the development and physiology of stem cells
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2021
Anaclet Ngezahayo, Frederike A. Ruhe
Neuronal stem cells are another example of adult stem cells that have been extensively studied.102 In the developing brain, Cx26, Cx36, Cx37, Cx43, and Cx45 are expressed. As adult stem cells are developed from the stem cell niche, the expression pattern of connexin isoforms changes. In particular, Cx36 and Cx43 are expressed in the cells of the SVZ, the region that represents the NSC niche.103 As adult stem cells begin to develop, the expression of Cxs is downregulated and then upregulated and adapted to the destiny of the cells. For example, Cx36 is upregulated in cells that develop into neurons. Cells that develop into astrocytes mostly express Cx26, Cx30, and Cx43. Cells that develop into oligodendrocytes express Cx32 and Cx47.104–106 A prominent role of Cx during development is the regulation of adhesion and migration of the developing cells from the SVZ to their definitive position in the organ. Developing neurons in the midbrain floor, where nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons originate and differentiate, express Cx26, Cx32, Cx43, and Cx45.107 Hippocampal neurons express Cx45 during memory consolidation.108 Cx29 is expressed in oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells when these cells develop and start myelination.109 Interestingly, adult astrocytes express Cx26, Cx30, Cx40, Cx43, Cx45, and Cx46.110