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Extracellular Matrix: The State of the Art in Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Gurpreet Singh, Pooja A Chawla, Abdul Faruk, Viney Chawla, Anmoldeep Kaur
There are currently four main categories of stem cells that have the clone ability and differentiate into particular types of cells.Embryonic stem cells: Derived from the initial developmental phase of few days old embryos at the blastocyst stage. It has the potential to differentiate into various cells with a distinct biological response. Such cells are known as pluripotent (Romito and Cobellis 2016).Foetal stem cells: Isolated from aborted human foetuses, especially foetal blood, foetal tissues, and also bone marrow. They have the ability to differentiate but not all cells. They are known as multipotent and have been utilised in the regeneration and repair of damaged tissues/organs (Biehl and Russell 2009).Cord blood and placental stem cells: Obtained from umbilical cord blood and placentas. They possess the therapeutic potential and used in bone-marrow replacement therapies. They are not able to differentiate into all types of cells (Weiss and Troyer 2006).Adult stem cells: They are the most abundant cells, which are used for various therapies/conditions. They are isolated from almost all human tissue and organs. They are known as “somatic stem cells” (Liras 2010).
Developments of Health Care: A Brief History of Medicine
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Tomy Muringayil Joseph, Józef T. Haponiuk, Didier Rouxel, S. Thomas
Stem Cell Research another innovative and active field in biomedical research. Embryonic stem cell research can lead to more efficient treatments for severe illnesses such as juvenile diabetes, Parkinson’s disease (PD), heart failure, and spinal cord injuries. Stem cells differ from other body cells because they are capable of differentiating into other types of cells/tissues. This capacity enables them to replace dead or faulty cells and has been used in patients with certain disorders or defects to replace erroneous cells/tissues [86]. In 2013, Japanese researchers at Yokohama City University succeeded in creating a functional human liver from stem cells with the incredible breakthrough [87]. Similarly, Researchers at Duke University have grown bundles of muscle fibers that twitch and respond to electrical stimuli [88].
Surgical management of diabetes
Published in Janet Titchener, Diabetes Management, 2020
Stem cell transplant Stem cells are the key ingredient for the formation of every tissue in the human body. There are two basic types: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are harvested from the immature cells of an embryo and can be developed into any of the specialist-type cells within a body. In contrast, adult stem cells are harvested from the body after birth (e.g. bone marrow, cord blood) and can only develop into cells particular to the organ or tissue from which they were obtained. For the management of diabetes, stem cells are differentiated into β-cells and transplanted into the recipient.
Efficient simulations of stretch growth axon based on improved HH model
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Xiao Li, Xianxin Dong, Xikai Tu, Hailong Huang
Motor neurons and sensory neurons will be induced with stem cells and then cultured by traction to grow different kinds of nerve bundles according to the needs of nerve damage repair. As stem cells come from a wide range of sources, they can be stored during the embryonic period (embryonic stem cells) or extracted from adult cells (hematopoietic stem cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, neural stem cells, etc.) without causing damage to the body. In our previous study, the dorsal root ganglion cells [13], hESC Lines, and iPSCs [14] were selected for traction cultivation. It may be that the Schwann cells [15] were not co-cultured in the cultivation process, and myelin was not detected [13]. Therefore, in this paper, unmyelinated axons are used for the later research. According to the standard neural circuit principle, the unmyelinated axon is divided into numerous tiny cylinders with the lengthFigure 2, the unmyelinated axon model is composed of a 5-mm-long axon divided into several tiny cylinders with A = 0.25 mm in length. This 5 mm unmyelinated axon connects neurons at both ends, consists of its own cell body, and connects to the cell body of another neuron via a synapse. A resistive-capacitive circuit is used to mimic each cylinder. For modeling the resistive-capacitive circuit, the stretch growing axons are still separated into little cylinders with a length of A = 0.25 mm [16].
Highly specific functional equivalence of XN-HPC for optimum CD34+ cell count in harvested allogeneic bone marrow stem cell products
Published in Hematology, 2022
Aisha Jamal, Tahir Khan, Uzma Zaidi, Quratul Ain Rizvi, Shafaq Jahanzeb, Ali Salim, Mehjabeen Imam, Tahir Shamsi
In recent years, several stem cell–based therapeutic avenues have been explored owing to the advent of stem cell research and extraordinary advances in cellular and molecular biology. Stem cells are defined by their unlimited capacity of self-renewal and ability to differentiate into various healthy specialized cells [1–3]. The term ‘stem cell’ encompasses diverse cellular origins and biological characterization. Based on their origin, stem cells are designated either as embryonic stem cells or as adult/somatic stem cells. Attributable to their distinct biological properties, embryonic stem cells exhibit pleuripotency, i.e. the ability to differentiate into all cell types, whereas adult stem cells are multipotent and demonstrate more restricted plasticity and differentiation potential [4].
Functional role of ascorbic acid in the central nervous system: a focus on neurogenic and synaptogenic processes
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Morgana Moretti, Ana Lúcia S. Rodrigues
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells isolated from the inner cell mass of an early-stage blastocyst [25]. Embryonic stem cells self-renew by dividing and can differentiate into specialized cells, including neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes [26]. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are pluripotent stem cells generated from adult cells by reprogramming. iPSCs have the same properties as embryonic stem cells, and therefore self-renew and can differentiate into all cell types [27]. It was reported that ascorbic acid improved the speed and efficiency of the generation of mouse and human iPSCs from somatic cells. The increase in the number of iPSCs was dependent on the reduction of p53 levels, the tumor suppressor protein that triggers apoptosis via multiple pathways [28]. In the presence of ascorbic acid, in vitro cultured cells express Jhdm1a/1b, two histone demethylases required for iPSCs production [29]. It was also reported that ascorbic acid markedly increases glial proliferation, neurite growth, and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase staining in mesencephalic cultures [30]. Collectively, these results suggest that vitamin C can regulate positively stem cell generation and proliferation.