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Recombinant DNA Technology and Gene Therapy Using Viruses
Published in Patricia G. Melloy, Viruses and Society, 2023
In the area of regenerative medicine, scientists have developed induced pluripotent stem cells, which are adult cells conditioned to behave like stem cells, with the help of a virus to induce certain gene expression changes (Alberts et al. 2019; Clarke and Frampton 2020). In this case, a virus is being used to alter the nature of the cell, making the cell usable to regenerate tissues. Either directly or indirectly, in the natural world or after modification in the laboratory, humans can use viruses to improve the world around them.
Osteoporosis
Published in Jason Liebowitz, Philip Seo, David Hellmann, Michael Zeide, Clinical Innovation in Rheumatology, 2023
Mazen Nasrallah, Marcy B. Bolster
Stem cell therapies. Stem cell and regenerative therapies are becoming increasingly important in many chronic diseases. In osteoporosis, there is growing interest in the application of mesenchymal stem cells to enhance bone repair and regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells are stromal stem cells that can be harvested from multiple sources and differentiated into osteoblasts or osteogenic chondroblasts. The mechanism of such therapy in bone repair has not been fully elucidated; however, it acts at least partially via a paracrine effect whereby mesenchymal stem cells secrete growth factors locally.62
Regenerative Medicine in Pain Management
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
Sharon McQuillan, Rafael Gonzalez
Adult stem cells are found throughout the body. The primary role of these cells is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found. Adult stem cells possess two very important properties—self-renewal and differentiation. Adult stem cells are multipotent, meaning they can be differentiated into subsets of cell types. Stem cells have been used for many different disease states as they also have the capacity to change the local environment via their paracrine effect, which may render them capable of disease modification.
Polysaccharide-based hydrogels for drug delivery and wound management: a review
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Dhruv Sanjanwala, Vaishali Londhe, Rashmi Trivedi, Smita Bonde, Sujata Sawarkar, Vinita Kale, Vandana Patravale
Stem cell therapy, another type of cellular therapy, uses stem cells to treat and prevent various diseases and disorders. Biomimetic systems that can imitate native body tissues, like hydrogels, are the most suitable for the delivery of stem cells. For example, in the case of critical limb ischemia, a condition caused by severe occlusion of arteries in the limbs resulting in a significant reduction in blood supply to the extremities, pro-angiogenic stem cells have been explored as a new treatment modality. In a study by Wang and coworkers, HA/chitosan composite hydrogels with immobilized C domain peptide of the insulin-like growth factor 1 were explored as carriers for adipose derived stromal cells (proangiogenic cells). The hydrogels improved the viability and proangiogenic activity of the cells. Upon injection into murine models of ischemic hind limbs, the cell-laden hydrogels significantly improved blood perfusion and muscle regeneration, thereby saving the limb function [290]. Similarly, Zhang et al. fabricated nitric oxide (NO) releasing chitosan hydrogels loaded with human placenta derived mesenchymal cells for the treatment of hindlimb ischemia. The implantation of the hydrogel ameliorated the recovery of the functions of the hindlimbs with significant enhancement neovascularization [291].
Cell-based therapies for the treatment of sports injuries of the upper limb
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Kwaku Baryeh, Vipin Asopa, Nardeen Kader, Nick Caplan, Nicola Maffulli, Deiary Kader
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent cells able to differentiate into any type of cell of mesodermal lineage in vitro; these include chondrocytes, osteocytes, and adipocytes [16]. However, in vivo, this has not yet been demonstrated [17–19]. Tenocytes also have some limited potential as a progenitor cell [20]. These unique abilities render cell-based preparations a potentially invaluable tool in the treatment of musculoskeletal sports injuries, and may offer a quicker return to sport [21–23]. In vivo, the therapeutic effects of MSC are likely resulting from their trophic, paracrine and immunomodulatory functions as opposed to proliferation and differentiation [24–26]. Much like MSC, tenocytes stimulate growth factors and other immunomodulatory cells to promote a healing response [27].
Dendritic Cells Currently under the Spotlight; Classification and Subset Based upon New Markers
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2021
Samaneh Soltani, Mahdi Mahmoudi, Elham Farhadi
The differentiation of DCs is carried out under a highly regulated developmental process from different cell progenitor populations, which are located in bone marrow (Figure 1). DCs live for days or weeks after entering the periphery and should be continually replenished by hematopoiesis (Collin and Bigley 2018). During hematopoiesis, stem cells differentiate into precursor cells that consequently differentiate into more specialized subtypes. In the bone marrow milieu, CD34+ hematopoietic precursors develop to macrophage/DC progenitors (MDPs), which in turn orient to common DC progenitors/precursors (CDPs) that express CD34, CD123, and HLA-DR (Schultze and Aschenbrenner 2019). The CDPs are no longer able to generate monocytes and subsequently restricted to pre–plasmacytoid DCs (pre-pDCs) generation. Pre-pDCs restricted to plasmacytoid (p) DCs or pre-DCs, which differentiate into pre–conventional DCs (pre-cDCs). pre-DCs express CD123, CD303, CD33 (SIGLEC3), CD2, AXL, SIGLEC6 (CD327), CX3 CR1, CD169 (SIGLEC1), CD22 (SIGLEC2). Besides, the expression of Zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2), interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), and Kruppel Like Factor 4 (KLF4) is accepted as their differential transcription factors (TFs) (Collin and Bigley 2018; Schultze and Aschenbrenner 2019).