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Dorsum Surgery
Published in Suleyman Tas, Rhinoplasty in Practice, 2022
In reconstructive surgery, defects should be repaired with the same type of tissue as much as possible, which ultimately leads to top-quality results. Cartilage defects should be repaired with cartilage, and bone defects with bone. The technique presented here works precisely with this approach.
Lessons to Be Learnt from Ayurveda
Published in D. Suresh Kumar, Ayurveda in the New Millennium, 2020
Prachi Garodia, Sosmitha Girisa, Varsha Rana, Ajaikumar B. Kunnumakkara, Bharat B. Aggarwal
Many factors can lead to the development of osteoarthritis. They are aging, excessive exercise, obesity, immune disorders, genetic predisposition, poor nutrition, injury and infection (Gupta et al. 2016). Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and remains one of the few chronic diseases related to aging, with fewer treatment options (Felson 2009). The most important feature of osteoarthritis is the advanced destruction of articular cartilage that results in impaired joint motion and severe pain, leading to the person’s disability (Ameye and Chee 2006). The condition of osteoarthritis is not only limited to articular cartilage. It also affects the entire portion of the joint, including the subchondral bone, menisci, ligaments, periarticular muscle, capsule, adjacent connective tissue and the synovial membrane, giving rise to pain, swelling, deformity and instability (Sanghi et al. 2009; Ziskoven et al. 2010). Though osteoarthritis occurs in many joints, the knee, hip, hand and facet joints are mostly affected (Ziskoven et al. 2010). Osteoarthritis is one of the chronic diseases that forms an example for the pathology where the treatment could be addressed by proper nutrition (Ameye and Chee 2006).
Bone and Cartilage
Published in George W. Casarett, Radiation Histopathology: Volume II, 2019
Cartilage is a specialized type of dense fibrous connective tissue consisting of cells and matrix (fibers and ground substance) that forms most of the temporary skeleton of the fetus, provides a base or template for the development of most bones, and persists in adults as parts of joints (Figure 2A), respiratory passages (Figure 2B), and the ears. Like bone, the volume of intercellular matrix of cartilage is much greater than the total volume of the cartilage cells (chrondrocytes). Unlike bone, cartilage contains no intrinsic blood vessels, lymphatics, or nerves, although blood vessels sometimes pass through cartilage on their way to other tissues. As there are no canaliculi in the matrix, nutrients, oxygen, and cell wastes must diffuse through the matrix between perichondria! blood vessels and chondrocytes.
Advancements of next generation sequencing in the field of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Ankita Pati, Dattatreya Kar, Jyoti Ranjan Parida, Ananya Kuanar
RA is the immunological complication associated with the Prevotella Capri is involved in the expression of faecal Prevotellaceae [13]. The inflammation of synovium may cause damage to the joint cartilage, a tissue that protects the end of the bones at the joining area. The damage of the cartilage may result in severe joint pain for the patient, which may limit or restrict their mobility largely [14]. During the development of the swelling in the case of rheumatoid arthritis including the emergence of pain, the immune of system of the body starts producing antibodies to resist the adverse effect of RA [15]. This may affect other organs of the body in most cases such as the lungs, the eyes, the skin and even the heart. However, some exceptional cases may be witnessed where antibodies such as rheumatoid factor or anti-citrullinated protein antibodies may not show up by the blood tests [16]. As far as the imaging results are concerned, this stage, as advocated by the doctors, remains more certain in comparison to the previous stage considering the development of antibodies and worsened swelling [17]. X-rays may reveal a chipped-off or moth-eaten appearance of this disease while Ultrasound may also be preferred if the result is not certain in X-rays. An MRI is perceived to be the most sensitive in this regard that can be opted in case the problem worsens and necessary results cannot be obtained through X-rays [18] . In this regard, the screening of rheumatoid arthritis can be achieved via next generation sequencing [19].
Microfracture technique combined with mesenchymal stem cells inducer represses miR-708-5p to target special at-rich sequence-binding protein 2 to drive cartilage repair and regeneration in rabbit knee osteoarthritis
Published in Growth Factors, 2023
YongChao Wang, Qin Su, HaiRong Tang, Qiang Tian, Xin Lin, MeiChun Fu, RenMing Zhang, ZhangFeng Luo, KeYun Zhang
Clinically, microfractures are often applied to repair cartilage alone or in combination with other techniques. For instance, microfracture combined with perforated decalcified cortical-cancellous bone matrix scaffold is employed for the one-step repair of rabbit cartilage defects (Dai et al. 2014). In this study, microfracture surgery combined with intra-articular injection of KGN was to figure out its effect on cartilage repair and its latent mechanism. KGN is a tiny molecule that has been manifested to stimulate MSCs to differentiate into chondrocytes in vitro and vivo (Xu et al. 2021). The results of this study displayed that microfracture technology combined with MSCs inducers was available to effectively restrain inflammatory factors, MMP-1 and MMP-3, mitigate cartilage tissue and synovial tissue damage, and elevate cartilage tissue type II collagen content and TIMP −1, and has a better therapeutic effect in comparison to microfracture alone. Meanwhile, it was also confirmed that Microfracture + KNG worked in KOA by targeting the miR-708-5p/SATB2 axis.
Preparation, thermal response mechanisms and biomedical applications of thermosensitive hydrogels for drug delivery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Jinlong Luo, Xin Zhao, Baolin Guo, Yong Han
Cartilage is a connective tissue with a supporting role. There are no blood vessels and lymphatic vessels in the cartilage, and the nutrients penetrate into the intercellular matrix from the blood vessels in the perichondrium to nourish the bone cells. Cartilage tissue is poorly regenerative because it is nonvascular and its progenitor cells have limited ability to migrate, proliferate, and produce matrix [212,219]. Tissue engineering is an effective method to promote cartilage regeneration. Dorsa Dehghan-Baniani et al. prepared a thermosensitive hydrogel with enhanced mechanical properties by mixing N-(β-maleimidepropoxy)succinimide ester (BMPS) modified chitosan with β-glycerophosphate (β-GP) as tissue engineering scaffold to stimulate selective differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes through in situ release of KGN. The researchers demonstrated the promise of this thermosensitive hydrogel for cartilage tissue engineering by characterizing the enhanced hydrogel shear modulus, injectability, gel behavior, long-term drug release, and in vitro results (Figure 14) [60]. Furthermore, cartilage tissue engineering provides a prospective strategy for articular cartilage regeneration by combining seeded cells with thermosensitive hydrogel scaffolds [219].