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Rheumatic Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Joint radiography shows chondrocalcinosis in the articular hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage and tendons in 75% of patients. In the articular cartilage, fine linear densities are seen parallel to and separated from the underlying bone, while fibrocartilage contains thick irregular densities within the central portion of the joint cavity. Commonly involved fibrocartilage includes the menisci of the knee, the triangular cartilage of the wrist, the symphysis pubis and the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral discs.
Introduction and Review of Biological Background
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Fibrocartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage, but has more thick collagen fibers that resemble ligaments. Thus, fibrocartilage is found in joints where extreme load forces are present, and resistance to shear and tensile strength are also required to absorb shocks. Elastic cartilage has elastin fibers in its matrix, in order to provide flexibility and return to original shape for the external ear and epiglottis.
Bone Injury, Healing and Grafting
Published in Manoj Ramachandran, Tom Nunn, Basic Orthopaedic Sciences, 2018
Peter Bates, Andrea Yeo, Manoj Ramachandran
The degree of interfragmentary strain appears to govern the cellular response and therefore the type of tissue that forms between the fracture fragments. Each of these tissues is able to tolerate a different amount of strain: Granulation tissue: up to 100%.Fibrous connective tissue: up to 17%.Fibrocartilage: 2–10%.Lamellar bone: 2%.
Findings in ancient Egyptian mummies from tomb KV64, Valley of the Kings, Luxor, with evidence of a rheumatic disease
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2023
LM Öhrström, R Seiler, S Bickel, F Rühli
Most probably post-mortem fractures of the proximal humerus are found on both sides; slightly anteromedially dislocated and rotated inwards on the right side, slightly laterally dislocated on the left side. An undislocated post-mortem fracture of the proximal phalanx of digit IV of the left hand can be observed. Discrete degenerative changes may be suspected in the proximal interphalangeal joint of digit I; however, this cannot be assessed with certainty from the available photographs or radiologically, and, furthermore, no significant degenerative changes or osteophyte formation on the left-hand skeleton can be delineated. Although the triangular fibrocartilage complex is not visible on conventional radiography, no significant calcifications are observable in this area. However, a narrowing of the radiocarpal joint space with slight sclerosis is seen on the left side, which may indicate a radiocarpal osteoarthritis, but alternatively may be only a post-mortem change. The distal right upper extremity and the right hand can only be assessed to a limited extent on the radiographs owing to superimpositions; however, post-mortem fractures with absence of bone fragments at the distal ulna and the hamatum can be delineated.
Intra-articular drug delivery systems for osteoarthritis therapy: shifting from sustained release to enhancing penetration into cartilage
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Huirong Huang, Zijian Lou, Shimin Zheng, Jianing Wu, Qing Yao, Ruijie Chen, Longfa Kou, Daosen Chen
The articular cavity is a closed space enclosed by the synovial layer of the articular capsule and articular cartilage, which contains a small amount of transparent viscous fluid called synovial fluid. The main ingredient of synovial fluid in the articular cavity is including water, hyaluronic acid, mucopolysaccharide, and electrolytes. When OA occurs, the synovial fluid is filled with pro-inflammatory factors (Mathiessen & Conaghan, 2017). The infiltration of inflammatory factors promotes catabolism of chondrocytes and degradation of cartilage. Deterioration of OA affects the entire joint, including subchondral bone, ligaments, synovium, and peri-articular muscles. Further, more severe symptoms appear around the articular cavity: fibrocartilage degeneration, chondro-osteophytes, protrusions, subsynovial inflammatory, and joint effusion (Pereira et al., 2015). Due to the damage of the joint function, it may also cause the atrophy of thigh and calf muscles, whereby the first atrophied part is the skeletal muscle in the inner thigh. Subsequently, it causes an imbalance of force on the limbs, increases the burden on the lumbar spine, and causes some diseases related to the spine.
Time-dependently Appeared Microenvironmental Changes and Mechanism after Cartilage or Joint Damage and the Influences on Cartilage Regeneration
Published in Organogenesis, 2021
Danyang Yue, Lin Du, Bingbing Zhang, Huan Wu, Qiong Yang, Min Wang, Jun Pan
The biocomposite formed by articular cartilage, calcified cartilage (their combination is cartilage) and subchondral bone is called osteochondral unit,1 in which cartilage damage can be caused by several conditions including accidents such as a tear to the anterior cruciate ligament, injury, slow degeneration over time (aging), excessive activity (overuse), excessive weight (obesity), poor alignment of joint, necrosis, and other diseases of osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis etc. Cartilage has a minimal ability to repair itself in terms of structure, function, and strength for its avascular nature and poor capability for adult chondrocytes to secret extracellular matrix. To be worse, the appeared mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) show a changed phenotype, which is susceptible to hypertrophy, matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) release and osteogenesis.2 Generally, cartilage damage is healed by fibrocartilage different from normal cartilage, which is difficult to integrate with surrounding tissues, and ultimately degenerated and disintegrated over time. Cartilage damage usually leads to serious medical consequences, in which constant and severe pain, inflammation, and some degree of disability are typical.