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Introduction to Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
María Verónica Cuevas González, Eduardo Villarreal-Ramírez, Adriana Pérez-Soria, Pedro Alberto López Reynoso, Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez
Extracellular matrix dictates several cellular functions as migration, differentiation, proliferation, morphogenesis, growth, survival and maintains tissue homeostasis (Frantz et al. 2010; Bonnans et al. 2014). Extracellular matrix maintains a highly organized three-dimensional heterogenous fibrillar network structure with tissue-specific composition and topology, that provides an indispensable physical scaffolding for the cellular constituents and is under constant and highly coordinated remodeling throughout the entire lifetime, in accordance with physiological or pathological conditions (Theocharis et al. 2016).
Fibrogenic Cytokines in Airway Fibrosis
Published in Alastair G. Stewart, AIRWAY WALL REMODELLING in ASTHMA, 2020
Extracellular matrix not only serves as scaffolding to stabilise the physical structure of tissues, but also plays a far more active and complex role in regulating the behaviour of the cells it surrounds — influencing their development, migration, proliferation, shape, and metabolic function. The extracellular matrix has a correspondingly complex molecular composition. Unfortunately, our understanding of its nature is still fragmentary. Matrix is made up of two major classes of extracellular macromolecules. They are the collagens and proteoglycans, with collagen being the major constituent.23
Methods of Evaluation in Orthopaedic Animal Research
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Collagens is the basic component found in the extracellular matrix of healthy tissues. Mutations in collagen structures cause a variety of diseases that include osteogenesis imperfecta (mutations in one of the two structural genes for Type I procollagen), chondrodysplasia (mutations in genes for Type II collagen), and possibly, some forms of osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and aortic aneurysms (defects in Type I, II, or III collagen, respectively).257,258 Many disease phenotypes have been produced in transgenic mice by introducing mutated collagen genes. Such animal models have proven to be excellent tools for investigating the consequences of mutations in collagen genes and have helped to identify additional diseases caused by collagen defects.259
rs10490924 surrounding HTRA1/ARMS2 regulates the susceptibility of age-related macular degeneration
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2021
Manhan Tang, Aiyu Li, Mingxing Wu, Xu Chen, Xiaojing Xiong, Zixi Zhou, Danning Liu
The polymorphism rs10490924 at the chromosome 10q26 surrounds two genes, HTRA1 and ARMS2, represent one of the strongest genetic loci which confers risk for AMD [7]. Significant association between rs10490924 and AMD risk has been reported in both Caucasian and Asian populations, the result in the present study suggested that this variant was closely related to an increased risk for AMD whether in Asian or Brazilian, or Caucasian populations. Although the T allele of rs10490924 changes amino acid 69 from alanine to serine (A69S variant) in the putative ARMS2 protein [15], overexpression of neither ARMS2 nor ARMS2 (A69S) causes any significant phenotype in mice [8]. In contrast, global or RPE-local overexpression of HTRA1 induces polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy [8–10]. The HTRA1 gene encodes a member of a family of serine proteases expressed in the mouse retina and RPE [40]. HTRA1 appears to regulate the degradation of extracellular matrix proteoglycans. This activity is thought to facilitate access of other degradative matrix enzymes, such as collagenases and matrix metalloproteinases, to their substrates [41].
Exploiting crosslinked decellularized matrix to achieve uterus regeneration and construction
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2020
Qing Yao, Ya-Wen Zheng, Hui-Long Lin, Qing-Hua Lan, Zhi-Wei Huang, Li-Fen Wang, Rui Chen, Jian Xiao, Longfa Kou, He-Lin Xu, Ying-Zheng Zhao
Extracellular matrix is an ideal natural scaffold in tissue regeneration due to their unique architecture, and major compositions are critical to direct the cell attachment and create a favourable bio-environment for cell proliferation, and differentiation. Many other scientists and we have reported that the mixture of decellularized matrix degradation/smash promotes cell proliferation, migration and tissue regeneration [31–33]. In our study, the bioactivity of the decellularized matrix was confirmed in the biocompatibility study, and the lixivium of dUECM medium could promote the HUVEC cells proliferation compared to negative control (Figure 4). Besides, dUECM showed the best cell filtration (Figure 5), scaffold recellularization/differentiation, and the formation of characteristic endometrial secretory glands, indicating the tissue regeneration promotion effect of the decellularized matrix compositions. It is pointed out that ECM preservation is critical for the function of acellular matrix to promote cell proliferation [34]. In our study, the major ECM compositions, including collagen IV, laminin, and fibrin, were well retained, which was also beneficial for cell seeding and expanding after xenotransplantation. Also, to fully explore the regeneration power of the decellularized matrix, proper degradation that leads to the sustained release of collagens, fibrins and other components is required.
The sialoglycan-Siglec glyco-immune checkpoint – a target for improving innate and adaptive anti-cancer immunity
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2019
Carbohydrates belong to the basic macromolecules of living organisms. While other macromolecules such as DNA and proteins are well characterized due to a broad general availability of analytical methods, carbohydrates and carbohydrate-conjugates (glycans) are much less studied. Glycans are chains of carbohydrates that are attached to proteins or lipids or they can be secreted into the extracellular matrix as long chains of glycosaminoglycans [1,2]. They are diverse structures that are discriminated by the composition, anomeric form, linkage, branching and substitution of their monosaccharides. Attachment of glycans to proteins occurs at the nitrogen of asparagine (N-glycans) or at the oxygen of serine or threonine (O-glycans). Glycans can be used to store energy, as structural basis (glycocalyx) and to store information (glycocode) [3]. Glycans can thereby significantly influence cell–cell interactions by engagement of carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of interactions mediated by sialic acid (Sia)-containing glycans (sialoglycans) with a receptor system binding to these sialoglycans, i.e. the Sia-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec) family of receptors. We focus on the role of this interaction in anti-cancer immunity and ways how to exploit this interaction for cancer immunotherapy.