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Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
In nature, carbohydrate sources include cereal grains, tubers, cane and beet sugars, fruits, vegetables, milk, honey, and so on. From a nutrition point of view, carbohydrates in foods may be divided into three main groups: starch, sugars and dietary fibers.
Optimal Nutrition for Women
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Kayli Anderson, Kaitlyn Pauly, Debra Shapiro, Vera Dubovoy
Carbohydrates are the primary and preferred source of energy for the body’s cells, particularly the brain. Each gram of carbohydrate supplies 4 kilocalories (kcals) of energy. Monosaccharides consist of one sugar unit such as glucose or fructose. Disaccharides like sucrose, lactose, and maltose have two sugar units. The term “sugars” is usually used to describe both mono- and disaccharides, which in food production serve to sweeten and preserve foods. Oligosaccharides have 3–10 sugar units and are usually by-products of polysaccharides that have more than 10 sugar units. These larger combinations of sugar units are often referred to as starches and are found in both whole plant food sources and added to food products per their functional properties.28
Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Published in James M. Rippe, Manual of Lifestyle Medicine, 2021
Dietary composition in obese individuals may also further contribute to tumor growth. Different dietary fats may have different effects on the potential relationship to cancer. In general, tumor-promoting dietary fats include medium-chain saturated fatty acids such as lauric and myristic acids and long-chain fatty acids, including palmitic and stearic acids. In contrast, unsaturated fatty acids may have anti-inflammatory properties and function as tumor suppressors. In addition, high carbohydrate diets may lead to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, particularly in obese or diabetic individuals and may contribute to cancer progression and its adverse effects.
Significant differences in dietary intake of NCAA Division III soccer players compared to recommended levels
Published in Journal of American College Health, 2022
Kaneen Gomez-Hixson, Ericka Biagioni, Melissa L Brown
The underconsumption of total energy and carbohydrates are of concern in this population due to their high needs for athletic performance with carbohydrates functioning as the main fuel source.1 Previous studies have also reported similar underconsumption in DIII athletes.2–4 The type of carbohydrate is also of concern with current results suggesting inadequate fiber for both sexes and excessive added sugars for females. Further, both sexes have excessive intakes of total fat and saturated fat. Our findings are in agreement with Abbey et al2 and Jagim et al4 who assessed dietary intake of NCAA DIII football players. Abbey et al2 reported an inadequate intake of carbohydrate, fiber and essential fats/oils and an increased intake of protein, total fat, and saturated fat. Jagim et al4 reported inadequate intakes of energy and carbohydrates. Hoogenboom et al5 also found the majority of the female swimmers in their study were inadequate in energy and at least one of the macronutrients. Interestingly, the fiber intake is higher in our male subjects when compared to the female subjects, although not statistically significant, and one could speculate that is because of the overall higher caloric intake of the males. However, this is unlikely since the amount of calories consumed was controlled for by use of % target rather than the absolute amount of calories.
An Investigation into the Usage of Monosaccharides with GLUT1 and GLUT3 as Prognostic Indicators for Cancer
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Carbohydrates serve as the primary substrates for energy metabolism (1). Dietary carbohydrates are the many forms including glucose, fructose and galactose as the monosaccharides; maltose, sucrose and lactose as the disaccharides; maltodextrin, starch as the polysaccharides. (2). Carbohydrates are mainly plenty of biomolecules in nature and the main constituents of honey. Fructose is the main sugar in most types of honey (3). Lactose (4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose), the constituent of mammalian milk is a disaccharide sugar composed of glucose and galactose (4). The oxidation rate of fructose and glucose ingested during exercise is oxidized at a similar rate (5). Glucose, galactose, and fructose, the basic carbohydrate units of monosaccharides, bind with nucleobases to give nucleosides and subsequently nucleotides called DNA and RNA.
Carbohydrate-containing nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvants
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Xinyuan Zhang, Zhigang Zhang, Ningshao Xia, Qinjian Zhao
For decades, efforts have been made to develop vaccine adjuvants. It has been a long journey for these vaccine adjuvants from the bench to patients. Factors such as the compatibility, stability, effectiveness and complexity of the manufacturing process are considered [2,4]. Carbohydrates widely exist in nature and are important components in organisms. Carbohydrates expressed on cellular glycoproteins, glycolipids and secretions of cells are essential in cell signaling [102]. Carbohydrates regulate cell adhesion, recognition, migration, morphogenesis and differentiation [103–105]. Therefore, the presence of carbohydrates in NPs increases their biocompatibility. Carbohydrate-containing NPs integrate better into the physiological environment than NPs without carbohydrate modifications. Thus, carbohydrate-containing NPs could easily access immune cells, which may enhance cellular uptake. In addition, compared to inorganic NPs, carbohydrate chains and branches increase the fluidity and pliability of carbohydrate-containing NPs, facilitating the cellular uptake of vaccine/antigen particles. Dynamic remodeling of the NP surface and lateral diffusion increase the contact area with APCs [106]. The increased interaction with APCs leads to enhanced uptake of carbohydrate-containing NPs along with antigens, which enables the presentation of antigens and the induction of the immune response. Moreover, carbohydrate chains and branches also increase the looseness and surface area of NPs, which endow both the adsorption of antigens and adhesion to the immune cell surface.