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Hyaluronan-Based Hydrogels as Functional Vectors for Standardised Therapeutics in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Alexandre Porcello, Alexis Laurent, Nathalie Hirt-Burri, Philippe Abdel-Sayed, Anthony de Buys Roessingh, Wassim Raffoul, Olivier Jordan, Eric Allémann, Lee Ann Applegate
OA remains a major clinical challenge, often refractory in its degenerative progression, which might synergistically benefit from combination products containing hyaluronan-based vehicles and therapeutic cell sources (Sekiya et al. 2012; Li et al. 2018). Hyaluronan-based formulations (i.e. HA Pearls) were shown to exert significant intrinsic effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in a preclinical OA model (Maudens et al. 2018). For combination products, most preclinical experience has been gathered around the intra-articular use of stem cells for tissue repair stimulation, wherein hyaluronan mediates both the repair process itself and the function of therapeutic cells (Wang et al. 2020). Specifically, control of inflammation and chaperoning of exogenous and endogenous cell repair processes have been attributed to such combination products, wherein the level of hyaline cartilage restoration is dependent on the effective chondrogenesis (Ha et al. 2015). In this context, cartilage FPCs have been shown to present robust advantages for tissue repair or regeneration promotion after local delivery (Darwiche et al. 2012; Choi et al. 2016; Park et al. 2020). Whereas cartilage cell therapies have often been limited by the surgical approach or choice of the scaffold, subcritical defects might largely benefit from designed cell-laden hyaluronan hydrogels. Recent clinical trials for OA have been launched, confirming the safety and probable functional benefits of cells from foetal sources (Lee et al. 2018, 2020).
Animal Models of Articular Cartilage Defect
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman
Unlike the repair process of other tissues, articular cartilage does not heal satisfactorily by itself although some studies have demonstrated close to complete repair with hyaline cartilage in immature animals or in small defect.14,15 DePalma et al.16 reported that partial-thickness defects show no significant repair up to more than one year, but that full-thickness wounds were completely filled with immature cartilage in four months. Campbell found that injuries to hyaline cartilage do not heal with normal hyaline cartilage, but mainly with fibrous tissues or fibrocartilage.17
Therapy with Cultured Chondrocytes
Published in Howard Green, Therapy with Cultured Cells, 2019
Upon his return to Sweden, Dr. Lindahl began a collaborative work with Dr. Lars Peterson to study the possibility of treating human traumatic lesions or osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral condyle of the knee with cultured cells. A biopsy of healthy cartilage was obtained from the patient and the tissue was enzymatically dissociated to produce a suspension of single cells, which were expanded in culture by a factor of 10–20 over a period of 2–3 weeks. The lesion in the patient’s knee was then excised, a periosteal flap was sutured to the surrounding rim of normal cartilage and the cultured chondrocytes were injected beneath the periosteal flap (Fig. 28) (Brittberg et al., 1994). In a total of 16 treated patients followed for 16–60 months, all were relieved of pain, swelling, crepitation and knee-lock. Two years later, in 14 of the 16 patients the results were graded as either excellent or good. Subsequent biopsies of the regenerated tissue showed normal hyaline cartilage containing type 11 collagen.
3D-printed porous tantalum: recent application in various drug delivery systems to repair hard tissue defects
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Long Hua, Ting Lei, Hu Qian, Yu Zhang, Yihe Hu, Pengfei Lei
Cartilage, the principal function of which is to distribute pressure, has a certain tolerance and elasticity [66–69]. Cartilage can be divided into the superficial zone, the transitional zone, the deep zone, the calcified cartilage, and the subchondral bone. The first three layers are defined as hyaline cartilage. Sports injury and long-term wear can cause cartilage damage [70]. Owing to the deficiency of blood supply, cartilage damage is often difficult to repair [61,71–74]. Sports injury may cause subchondral bone collapse and nonunion [75,76]. Thus, the repair of cartilage after injury must consider the cartilage plane, sub-cartilage plane, and bone–cartilage interface [77]. In the classical model of chondrocyte induction, cartilage needs some mechanical support to promote growth, including compressive force and tensile force [78]; compressive forces stimulate the formation of hyaline cartilage, whereas tensile force leads to the formation of fibrocartilage. Therefore, the design of scaffolds needs to consider the characteristics of human bone and cartilage and be similar to the host subchondral bone for cartilage repair.
Intra-osseous tophaceous gout of a bipartite patella mimicking aggressive bone tumour
Published in Modern Rheumatology Case Reports, 2021
Fidelis Marie Corpus-Zuñiga, Keiichi Muramatsu, Ma. Felma Rayel, Yasuhiro Tani, Tetsuya Seto
The patella is one of those reported in literature as an atypical site for tophaceous gout. Several case reports were already written since 1955 (Table 1) [2–8]. Monosodium urate crystals become less soluble with lower temperatures, which could explain why gouty tophi often form in the distal end of an extremity such as the metatarsophalangeal joint of the first toes. The typical presentation of patellar gouty tophi usually involves the superolateral aspect of the patella, with noted involvement of the surrounding tendinous structures. The superficial nature and therefore lower temperature at the area of the patella could explain the formation of gouty tophi. The blood supply of the patella comes from a plexus of blood vessels [9]. The primary intraosseous blood supply of the patella has been described to flow in a retrograde fashion from distal to proximal, which is responsible for osteonecrosis of the superior fragment of the patella in cases of severely comminuted fractures [9]. In a bipartite patella, there is an avascular tissue interposed between the accessory bone and the main patellar bone fragment. This avascular tissue is composed mostly of fibrocartilage and less of fibrous and hyaline cartilage [10]. This alteration in the normal anatomy and blood flow in the patella could be one possible explanation as to why intra-osseous tophi of bipartite patellae often develops at the superolateral aspect of the patella.
Sustained Remission with Tocilizumab in Refractory Relapsing Polychondritis with Ocular Involvement: A Case Series
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Rebecca Farhat, Gaël Clavel, Delphine Villeneuve, Youssef Abdelmassih, Marwan Sahyoun, Eric Gabison, Thomas Sené, Isabelle Cochereau, Cherif Titah
Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent, widespread, and potentially destructive inflammation of the cartilaginous tissue.1 Its incidence is estimated to be around 3.5/1,000,000/year. All types of cartilage may be involved: the elastic cartilage of the nose and ear, the hyaline cartilage of tracheobronchial tree, and proteoglycan-rich structure like the eye are some examples. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical criteria, McAdam’s criteria. It includes six clinical features: auricular chondritis, non-erosive, seronegative inflammatory polyarthritis, nasal chondritis, ocular inflammation, respiratory tract chondritis, and cochlear and/or vestibular dysfunction. To confirm RP diagnosis, one must have any of the following one McAdam’s criterion plus histopathological confirmation or two McAdam criteria and positive response to corticosteroids or dapsone or at least three McAdam’s criteria.1,2 Ocular involvement is frequent and found in up to 51% of cases with episcleritis and scleritis being the most common.3,4 RP is usually treated with steroids and conventional immunosuppressant, or antitumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) agents.5 However, it is not clear what should be the next therapeutic option in refractory cases.