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Anatomy overview
Published in Stephanie Martin, Working with Voice Disorders, 2020
The larynx is made up of nine individual cartilages: three large single cartilages – the thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis, and three smaller paired cartilages – the arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages (Figure 1.3). For the purposes of voice the most important are the thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis and arytenoid. Cartilage, which is softer and more flexible than bone, is made from chondrocyte cells and an intercellular substance containing mucopolysaccharide sulphate and fibres. Hyaline cartilage differs from elastic cartilage in that the fibres are thin, dense and collagenous, whereas elastic cartilage fibres are dense and, as their name suggests, elastic.
Adipose Tissue-Derived Adult Stem Cells
Published in Richard K. Burt, Alberto M. Marmont, Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Disease, 2019
Laura Aust, Lyndon Cooper, Blythe Devlin, Tracey du Laney, Sandra Foster, Jeffrey M. Gimble, Farshid Guilak, Yuan Di C. Halvorsen, Kevin Hicok, Amy Kloster, Henry E. Rice, Anindita Sen, Robert W. Storms, William O. Wilkison
Articular cartilage is the thin layer of deformable, load-bearing material that lines the bony ends of all diarthrodial joints. The primary functions of cartilage are to support and distribute forces generated during joint loading and to provide lubricating surfaces to prevent wear or degradation of the joint. Cartilage is a metabolically active tissue with relatively slow state of turnover by a sparse population of specialized cells, chondrocytes. Cartilage has limited capacity for intrinsic repair, and even minor lesions or injuries may lead to progressive damage and joint degeneration. Chondral or osteochondral lesions may be a significant source of pain and loss of function and rarely heal spontaneously. The poor repair capability of cartilage is often attributed to the lack of blood supply to the affected area or due to the lack of a source of un-differentiated cells that can promote repair.40,41 Recently, a cell based cartilage repair product became available for clinical application. The Carticel (Genzyme, Cambridge MA) procedure involves the isolation and amplification of autologous chondrocytes and subsequent reimplantation into the defect, which is covered by a flap of autologous periosteal tissue.42 Other potential sources of cell therapy include chondrocytes isolated from elastic cartilage,43 bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC),44,45 and ADAS cells.18,46,47
Head and neck
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
Cartilage moulding – Gibson’s Law (1958) states that cartilage will bend away from a scored surface due to the release of interlocked stresses. This is utilised in Stenstrom’s technique (1978) that uses a rasp/otoabrader via a posterior approach and Chongchet (Br J Plast Surg, 1963) anterior scoring technique with a blade 1/2 to 2/3 of the cartilage thickness (Figure 3.9). Remember that auricular cartilage is elastic cartilage.
A new technique for Asian nasal tip shaping: "twin tower" folding ear cartilage transplantation
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2022
Long Zhang, Jiang-wen Wang, Jun Ding, Xi Zhang, Xi-mei Wang, Zhan-zhao Zhang, Run-ze Yu
The septal cartilage is harder and stronger than the ear cartilage, and the cut cartilage is flat without bending [12]. Therefore, it is mostly used for nasal columella support grafts and nasal septum extension grafts. However, the disadvantages are: the nasal septal cartilage in Asians is relatively weak, with an average thickness of 0.2 cm, and most of them are accompanied by different degrees of nasal septum deviation; the supporting force of the nasal septal cartilage is insufficient, resulting in inconspicuous nasal tip performance points; the nasal septal cartilage is relatively insufficient, and can only be The lateral fixation is on the caudal end of the nasal septal cartilage, and ear cartilage is often required to strengthen the stability [13–15]. Rib cartilage has many advantages and a wide range of materials, which is suitable for a nose with poor foundation and nose repair. However, rib cartilage rhinoplasty is more traumatic, has many complications, and often requires hospitalization, so many patients do not accept this method [16]. Ear cartilage belongs to elastic cartilage, which has good elasticity, soft texture, strong plasticity and sculpting, and is more convenient to obtain, which can meet various needs in rhinoplasty [17].
Modification of sodium aescinate into a safer, more stable and effective water-soluble drug by liposome-encapsulation: an in vitro and in vivo study
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Sifan Huang, Xinyu Wang, Mengmeng Liu, Zhizhe Lin, Wenqian Gu, Haili Zhao, Yanqiu Zhang, Baoyue Ding, Jiyong Liu, Xin Wu, Wei Fan, Jianming Chen
The results of the pathological tissue section of the injection site are shown in Figure 5(A1–C3). The rabbit ear veins in the NS group (Figure 5(A1,A2)) showed no obvious hyperemia, the vascular endothelial cell structure was intact; there was no swelling, degeneration, necrosis, or hyperplasia, there was no inflammatory change in the tube wall and surrounding tissues. The multi-layered squamous epithelium on the surface of the auricle skin showed an intact structure, and no significant lesion was observed in the deep hair follicles, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. The shape of the central elastic cartilage was normal, and no proliferation or degeneration was observed in the interstitial fibrous tissue, except for a small number of inflammatory cells.
Sustained Remission with Tocilizumab in Refractory Relapsing Polychondritis with Ocular Involvement: A Case Series
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2021
Rebecca Farhat, Gaël Clavel, Delphine Villeneuve, Youssef Abdelmassih, Marwan Sahyoun, Eric Gabison, Thomas Sené, Isabelle Cochereau, Cherif Titah
Relapsing polychondritis (RP) is a rare autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent, widespread, and potentially destructive inflammation of the cartilaginous tissue.1 Its incidence is estimated to be around 3.5/1,000,000/year. All types of cartilage may be involved: the elastic cartilage of the nose and ear, the hyaline cartilage of tracheobronchial tree, and proteoglycan-rich structure like the eye are some examples. The diagnosis is mainly based on clinical criteria, McAdam’s criteria. It includes six clinical features: auricular chondritis, non-erosive, seronegative inflammatory polyarthritis, nasal chondritis, ocular inflammation, respiratory tract chondritis, and cochlear and/or vestibular dysfunction. To confirm RP diagnosis, one must have any of the following one McAdam’s criterion plus histopathological confirmation or two McAdam criteria and positive response to corticosteroids or dapsone or at least three McAdam’s criteria.1,2 Ocular involvement is frequent and found in up to 51% of cases with episcleritis and scleritis being the most common.3,4 RP is usually treated with steroids and conventional immunosuppressant, or antitumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) agents.5 However, it is not clear what should be the next therapeutic option in refractory cases.