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Monoclonal Antibodies and Complement for Autologous Marrow Purging
Published in Adrian P. Gee, BONE MARROW PROCESSING and PURGING, 2020
An alternative to the method of C′ -mediated lysis outlined above has been described by Howell et al. (Figure 2).26 This method uses an automated cell processor, in particular the Haemonetics V50, to allow a constant infusion of C′ to be exposed to the tumor cells while centrifuging in the cell processor bowl. This has the advantage of allowing fresh complement to be continuously infused, while spent complement is removed, and in model systems, was capable of increasing tumor cell killing to 6 logs, a 2 log improvement over conventional treatment techniques. This permitted a single treatment to be used thereby saving both time and reagents. The use of a closed system also reduces the risk of contamination of the marrow during processing. The technique has been applied thus far to purging of myeloid leukemia cells in AML, but could have more general applications.
Testicular Cancer
Published in Manit Arya, Taimur T. Shah, Jas S. Kalsi, Herman S. Fernando, Iqbal S. Shergill, Asif Muneer, Hashim U. Ahmed, MCQs for the FRCS(Urol) and Postgraduate Urology Examinations, 2020
Nkwam Nkwam, Chitranjan J. Shukla, David A. Manson-Bahr, Taimur T. Shah, Farooq Khan
Cisplatin can cause a range of side effects. It is nephrotoxic and is contraindicated in patients with an eGFR of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Ototoxicity is another common side effect where patients present with tinnitus and hearing loss. An increased risk of acute myeloid leukaemia has also been observed along with increased risk of hypogonadism and cardiovascular disease.
Involvement of Dopamine with Various Cancers
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Based on whether they are acute or chronic, myeloid or lymphocytic, leukemias are divided into four main types, as listed in Table 13.1: (1) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), (2) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), (3) acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), and (4) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Acute leukemia is the most common cancer in children, representing half of all cancers in persons younger than 15 years of age. Three-quarters of the leukemia cases in children are of the acute lymphoblastic type 2. About 90% of all leukemias are diagnosed in adults, with AML and CLL being most common in adults. AML begins in bone marrow cells and spreads into the blood system, most often occurring in immature white blood cells. AML is a fast growing form of leukemia that if left untreated can be fatal. More information on the criteria for leukemia classification, molecular signature, and management can be obtained in several reviews [2–4].
Establishment and validation of prognostic nomogram in acute leukemia with trisomy 8
Published in Hematology, 2023
Tianxia Deng, Sheng Wang, Zhuonan Ran, Qiulian Liu, Mingxia Wang
Acute leukemia is a common cancer in children and adults under 35 years of age, which has a high degree of heterogeneity. So far, there are more than 2 million children with leukemia in China, and the number of new cases continues to grow at a rate of 30,000–40,000 per year [9]. Complex chromosome abnormalities have been reported in most leukemia patients [10]. Acute leukemia is characterized by cytogenetic and molecular biological abnormalities and patients have varying susceptibility to treatment, leading to different prognosis in acute leukemia patients [11]. Chromosome 8 contains multiple genetic disease pathogenic genes, accounting for approximately 1.5% of the total number of genes, 16% of which are associated with cancer development [12]. Trisomy 8 means common cytogenetic alterations in acute leukemia, with an incidence of 10%∼15%. Chromosome 8 is strongly associated with alterations in DNA methylation genes, spliceosome complex genes and myeloid transcription factor genes in acute leukemia, and these alterations may have a significant impact on the development and prognosis of leukemia [13]. Studies in the past decades have shown that survival rates of acute leukemia patients have not improved, with an overall 5-year survival rate of about 27% in adult patients. Although acute myeloid leukemia patients are treated with standard treatments such as anthracyclines and cytarabine therapy, it is difficult to treat patients with relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia, with a 3-year survival rate below 10% for patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia [14, 15].
Analysis of Mean Corpuscular Volume and Red Cell Distribution Width in Patients with Aplastic Anemia
Published in Hemoglobin, 2023
Lingling Liu, Qiuhao Fu, Danfeng Zhang, Dandan Chen, Fang Wang, Rong Guo, Xinsheng Xie, Zhongxing Jiang, Jifeng Yu, Yingmei Li
A study on age-related clonal hematopoiesis associated with adverse outcomes examined whole-exome sequencing data from DNA in the peripheral blood cells of 17,182 unselected individuals with hematological phenotypes. The results suggest that elevated RDW levels were significantly associated with clonal hematopoiesis [35]. Abelson and his colleagues [36] investigated acute myeloid leukemia risk factors in healthy individuals. It demonstrated a significant correlation between RDW and acute myeloid leukemia progression risk. It is well-known that AA patients have clonal hematopoiesis, and approximately 10–20% of AA patients progress to MDS or acute myeloid leukemia [37–39]. We must continue to monitor these AA patients to investigate the effect of RDW on AA clone hematopoiesis and clonal evolution.
An overview of the molecular and clinical significance of the angiopoietin system in leukemia
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2023
Saeed Zaka Khosravi, Samira Molaei Ramshe, Mehdi Allahbakhshian Farsani, Mohammadreza Moonesi, Faroogh Marofi, Majid Farshdousti Hagh
Leukemia is a group of blood malignancies that stem from the blood-forming tissues, namely bone marrow (BM). In the BM, abnormal and immature leukocytes called blasts are uncontrollably proliferated as they finally invade the bloodstream and spread throughout the body, causing metastasis. According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), leukemia is estimated to cause 3.2% of all new cancer cases in 2022 and 3.9% of all cancer deaths in the United States [1]. A wide range of cases, from children to the elderly, maybe afflicted by this disorder. There are four essential types of leukemia depending on the type of predominant white blood cells in BM and other blood-forming tissues: acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Each type has a different cellular and molecular origin, prognosis, and patients’ age pattern [2,3]. A combination of different causes is reported to account for leukemia subtypes in both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors include cytogenetic complications such as Down syndrome, DNA mutations, epigenetic alterations, and diversification in the expression of genes in signaling pathways, such as ones involved in blood cell proliferation and BM microenvironment [2,4].