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Treatment of Variceal Bleeding in Cirrhotic Patients
Published in Stephen M. Cohn, Alan Lisbon, Stephen Heard, 50 Landmark Papers, 2021
Acute variceal hemorrhage requires emergency treatment and is associated with a high 6-week mortality rate. Controlling hemorrhage is complex and involves a combination of urgent pharmacotherapy and procedural intervention. The immediate goals of emergency treatment are to control bleeding, prevent early re-bleeding within 5 days, and prevent 6-week mortality [2].
Tocotrienol Vitamin E and Neurodegenerative Disorders
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Stroke is broadly defined by a cerebrovascular disruption of blood supply to brain tissue that is either ischemic or hemorrhagic in origin. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported in 2015 that stroke, also known as brain attack, is the second most common cause of death in the age group 60 years and above, and a fifth leading cause in people aged 15–59 worldwide [35,36]. There are three main types of stroke: ischemic stroke (the most common, accounting for about 87% of all strokes), hemorrhagic stroke, and transient ischemic attack (TIA). Ischemic strokes are caused by a blood clot blocking the flow of blood to the brain and prevents the delivery of blood containing glucose and oxygen which are essential for brain tissue. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel within the brain ruptures, causing blood to leak into the surrounding tissue. TIA or mini strokes is caused by a vessel blockage for a short period of time, typically less than 5 minutes. More than 33% of people who have a TIA event may have a greater risk of having a major ischemic stroke within 1 year [37].
Inflammation
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Due to the number and frequency of injuries to vessels, hemostasis is of great importance to the organism. Hemorrhage occurs from an injured vessel if there is an opening in the wall which is large enough to let the blood flow out from the vessel into the exterior surface or into a cavity or tissue space where the blood pressure is lower than that in the vessel. Bleeding can be stopped if a pressure-resisting mass is formed which blocks the opening or if the pressure difference between the vascular lumen and the outside is controlled. These conditions can be achieved if external pressure is applied, the pressure in the vessel is reduced, or sufficient blood accumulates and hematoma is formed in the perivascular tissue space. Within the vessel, blood pressure may be reduced by active contraction of the vessels and diversion of the blood through passing vessels, or by a general fall of blood pressure.
Action observation training and brain-computer interface controlled functional electrical stimulation enhance upper extremity performance and cortical activation in patients with stroke: a randomized controlled trial
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Su-Hyun Lee, Seong Sik Kim, Byoung-Hee Lee
Stroke can be described as an interruption of the blood supply to the brain or hemorrhage into the brain tissue (Seitz and Donnan, 2015; Sharp and Brouwer, 1997). After stroke, up to 85% stroke survivors experience impairment of an upper extremity, and between 55 and 75% of survivors continue to experience upper extremity functional limitations associated with diminished health-related quality of life (Kiper et al., 2018; Nichols-Larsen et al., 2005). Therefore, recovery of the upper-limb function is important for the independent living of the patients with stroke (Kwah and Herbert, 2016; Sheng and Lin, 2009). Recently, methods in stroke rehabilitation based on the mirror neuron system have been proposed as an alternative or complement to rehabilitation (Cengiz et al., 2018; Hioka et al., 2019; Zhang, Fong, Welage, and Liu, 2018). These methods include action observation (AO), motor imagery (MI) and imitation, and may enhance the reorganization of function in damaged neural networks to minimize motor deficits (Garrison, Winstein, and Aziz-Zadeh, 2010). The mirror neuron system plays an essential role in both action understanding and imitation, and might explain the human capacity to learn by imitation (Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2004). Mirror neurons are able to induce specific neurophysiological changes in some corticocortical circuits of the human motor system (Hannah, Rocch, and Rothwell, 2018; Koch et al., 2010) and they can be activated by the simple observation of others’ goal-directed actions (Cengiz et al., 2018; Lang et al., 2012).
Characteristics of Nontrauma Patients Receiving Prehospital Blood Transfusion with the Same Triggers as Trauma Patients: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2022
Susanne Ångerman, Hetti Kirves, Jouni Nurmi
The nontrauma group consisted of patients with various etiologies of hemorrhage (Figure 2). The most common reason for massive hemorrhage was gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 15, 42%). Patients with vascular catastrophes (n = 9, 25%) were suspected to suffer from a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm except for one case of suspected aortic dissection. Postoperative complications (n = 6, 17%) involved three patients suffering from late postoperative bleeding after major vascular surgery, two post-tonsillectomy bleedings and one patient with bleeding from the microvascular free flap in the lower limb. Gynecologic/obstetric hemorrhage (n = 4, 11%) was caused only by pregnancy-related reasons – for example, uterine rupture and extrauterine pregnancy. Other indications for PHBT were one case of severe epistaxis and one case of anemic point-of-care test finding in a patient resuscitated from pulseless electrical activity.
Association Between Severity Grading Score And Acute Phase Reactants In Patients With Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2021
Biomarkers such as cytokines, adhesion molecules and APRs have been investigated to evaluate the severity of the disease in the literature [5–7]. The commonly used APRs in clinical practice are ESR and CRP. While some studies have found ESR and CRP useless to demonstrate the course of illness [6], some indicated a significant difference in CRP between fatal and nonfatal cases [7,8]. We found a significant correlation between high SGS and CRP levels on admission. CRP has been found to be a considerably important test for the detection of the severity of the illness [9]. However, in this study, patients have been classified by whether they exhibit hemorrhage or not. In the present study, SGS that includes multiple prognosis-related parameters was used for the classification; hence, it may be more beneficial to determine the association between severity and APRs.