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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Chemotherapy is the use of anticancer drugs to destroy cancer cells. The drugs work by killing cancer cells or interfering with tumor growth. Chemotherapy is usually considered one of the most effective cancer treatment methods; however, this type of therapy can induce severe side effects, as it can also destroy healthy cells. The adverse effects depend upon the type of cancer and the type of drugs used to treat it. Generally, the side effects are not associated with the treatment effectiveness, and once the treatment process is over, the side effects may stop. Normally, chemotherapy agents are prescribed to a patient in measured dosages and in specific intervals of time. Sometimes a combination chemotherapy is used, during which two or more drug agents are used at the same time [114].
Applications of Antiviral Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Anusha Konatala, Sai Brahma Penugonda, Fain Parackel, Sudhakar Pola
The process of cancer treatment using chemical drugs is known as chemotherapy. One of the major drawbacks of chemotherapy is the impact on noncancerous cells. Tumour cells can also adapt to the overexpression of drug-efflux pumps. Targeting the efficiency of chemotherapeutics can be enhanced by exaggerating the loading capacity of drugs to the tumour cells. To curb toxic side effects (Kumar et al. 2013), Liang et al. formed a scheme to carry platinum (IV) compounds to prostate tumour cells. Gold NPs that are glutathione-modified targeting the CRGDK peptide sequence at the destination were employed. These AuNPs have shown increased nuclear factor Kappa-B (NF-ĸB) proteins and initiate apoptosis (Kumar et al. 2014).
Developments of Health Care: A Brief History of Medicine
Published in P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Didier Rouxel, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Sabu Thomas, Advanced Studies in Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 2021
P. Mereena Luke, K. R. Dhanya, Tomy Muringayil Joseph, Józef T. Haponiuk, Didier Rouxel, S. Thomas
Targeted therapy another mode of cancer treatment it primarily assisted with is a drug. But it is distinct from traditional chemotherapy [71]. Targeted therapy operates by targeting the particular genes, proteins, or tissue environment of the cancer that contribute to the development and survival of cancer. These genes and proteins are discovered in cancer cells or cancer growth-related cells. Molecularly targeted therapy has enabling cancer cells to be destroyed and stopping the proliferation of tumor while saving healthy cells [72].
Monoclonal antibody as a targeting mediator for nanoparticle targeted delivery system for lung cancer
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Nasrul Wathoni, Lisa Efriani Puluhulawa, I Made Joni, Muchtaridi Muchtaridi, Ahmed Fouad Abdelwahab Mohammed, Khaled M. Elamin, Tiana Milanda, Dolih Gozali
The lungs are an important organ in the human body, particularly in the respiratory system. Damage to this organ can endanger lives and perhaps result in death. Lung cancer is a form of cancer that affects the human lungs (Bade & Dela Cruz, 2020). This malignancy is the second most common after breast cancer and has the greatest fatality rate of any type of cancer (International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 2020). It is reported that this cancer has a mortality rate of 1,796,144 or 18% of the total number of cancer deaths and an incidence rate of 2,206,771 which is 11.4% of all cancer incidences worldwide both in women and men (Globocan, 2020). There are currently three options for cancer treatment: surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy (Abbas & Rehman, 2018). Stage I or II Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer ‘NSCLC’ treatment is surgical resection of the tumor followed by adjuvant therapy. When the cancer progresses to stage III or IV, the treatments are chemotherapeutic and/or radiation therapy. Since the cancer invaded surrounding tissues, metastases can occur through the circulatory system or lymphatic system (Huang et al., 2015). Chemotherapy is a form of cancer treatment that employs medications. As a result of the drug’s inability to target specific cells, this therapy is often associated with severe adverse effects (Ohnoshi et al., 1992; Partridge et al., 2001; Sun et al., 2005; Aslam et al., 2014). It has inspired the development of cancer medicines, one of which is the use of nanoparticles.
Exercise interventions to combat cancer-related fatigue in cancer patients undergoing treatment: a review
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2022
According to National Cancer Registry Ireland, there was an average of 45,753 cancer diagnoses each year from 2018 to 2020. The registry estimates that by the year 2045, this average could increase by 50–100%. The Irish Cancer Society state that there are over 170,000 cancer survivors living in Ireland. Over 100 types of cancer exist. The most common cancer types in Ireland, listed in order of prevalence, are skin cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, bowel cancer, and lung cancer. Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy are common examples of cancer treatments. Some patients may undergo one treatment type whereas other patients may require a combination of treatment types. Cancer and cancer treatment can cause a broad list of adverse side effects such as pain, appetite loss and sleep issues. Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a prevalent and debilitating side effect of cancer and cancer treatment. Research has demonstrated that exercise is an effective intervention to combat CRF. This review will examine the impact of CRF and critically analyse the scope of exercise interventions in combating CRF in cancer patients undergoing treatment.
Innate lymphoid cells regulate radiation-induced skin damage via CCR10 signaling
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Yiwen Mao, Rui Tao, Xiaoping Cao, Qin Bao, Dong Wang, Ye Zhao
Radiation therapy is an important part of cancer treatment. The conventional fractionation regimens (CF) is often considered the ‘standard’ adjuvant radiotherapy prescription. CF originated in the 1930s and is an effective model for skin cancer treatment. About 60–70 Gy for 6–7 weeks can only protect normal tissues from damage but are difficult to kill the tumor. However, several large well-randomized trials demonstrate that hypofractionated regimens (HF) such as 15 daily fractions of 2.67 Gy can be equally effective in term of long-term disease control and late radiation effects compared to the excellent outcomes of more protracted conventional fractionation schedules (Rudat et al. 2016). SBRT is a method of precise treatment with a large single dose, fewer radiotherapy sessions and short treatment courses. In the case of delayed development of radiation therapy, CF has reached the limit in improving local control rate. SBRT can make high-dose radiation focus on the target area that has a uniform dose distribution and protect normal tissues better. For tumor treatment, how many times and how many doses can be used to achieve the best tumor control rate and at the same time to achieve the least radiation damage is a question worthy of further research (Barton 2017).