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Introduction to Cancer, Conventional Therapies, and Bionano-Based Advanced Anticancer Strategies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Immunotherapy is a cancer treatment method that acts by boosting the immune system’s ability to fight cancer. This cancer therapy works by stimulating the body’s own disease-fighting mechanisms. A large number of studies have been conducted to treat different types of cancer by immunotherapy. For instance, researchers have used monoclonal antibodies that inhibit the function of specific proteins by binding to tumor cells, which, in turn, train the body’s immune system to identify and attack cancer cells. No major side effects have been reported with immunotherapy. Despite the success of immunotherapy, it only works in certain types of cancers and in less number of cancer patients respond to immunotherapy [116].
Overview of Traditional Methods of Diagnosis and Treatment for Women-Associated Cancers
Published in Shazia Rashid, Ankur Saxena, Sabia Rashid, Latest Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment of Women-Associated Cancers, 2022
Malika Ranjan, Namyaa Kumar, Safiya Arfi, Shazia Rashid
Immunotherapy is the cancer treatment that uses body defences to fight cancer. The immunotherapy drugs include CART cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, treatment vaccines, and immunomodulators (Table 1.2). Currently, along with traditional treatment, new advanced treatment strategies are used for the treatment of women-associated cancers.
Immunotherapy in Head and Neck Cancers
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Recently, after decades of negative studies, immunotherapy has emerged as a major new modality for cancer treatment. Identification of immune checkpoints integral to normal immune responses has been pivotal in this progress. Checkpoints normally inhibit T-cells, preventing them from becoming chronically or aberrantly activated. This system functions as a negative regulator or ‘the brakes’ on the immune response. Many cancers subvert these inhibitory pathways in order to evade immunosurveillance and thereby escape immune detection and attack.
Nanoparticles releasing immunogenic cell death inducers upon near-infrared light exposure
Published in OncoImmunology, 2022
Oliver Kepp, Giulia Cerrato, Allan Sauvat, Guido Kroemer
The success of cancer immunotherapy strongly depends on the (re)invigoration of cancer immunosurveillance. Therapeutically relevant anticancer immune responses can be stimulated by a restricted panel of chemotherapeutics, targeted agents, oncolytics as well as by radiotherapy, all of which are activators of defined immunogenic cell stress and cell death (ICD) circuitries.1 The spatially defined sequential emission of danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in the course of ICD defines the level of adjuvanticity of succumbing malignant cells and the consequent initiation of T cell-mediated adaptive immunity. DAMPs emitted in the course of ICD trigger the attraction, activation and maturation and thus the functional engagement of antigen presenting dendritic cells (DCs). The attraction and homing of DCs is driven by the liberation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and annexin A1 (ANXA1) by malignant cells, respectively. Moreover, relocation and subsequent exposure of calreticulin (CALR) serves as a phagocytic signal for DCs. CALR exposure, together with the production of type I interferons and the exodus of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), triggers tumor antigen transfer and DC maturation. In sum, ICD elicits the tumor antigen-specific DC-mediated priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), resulting in anticancer immunity, tumor lysis and disease control that finally outlasts treatment discontinuation.2
CD274 (PD-L1) Methylation is an Independent Predictor for Bladder Cancer Patients’ Survival
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2022
Jing Xu, Laiming Wei, Hao Liu, Yu Lei, Yanzhe Zhu, Chaozhao Liang, Guoping Sun
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are essential immune checkpoints. They are generated on the membrane of immune cells and tumor cells, respectively. PD-1/PD-L1 aberrant binding results in the activation of a self-tolerance pathway, so that tumors escape immune elimination and proliferate for survival (6). Nowadays, immune checkpoint blockades (e.g. nivolumab and pembrolizumab) are emerging as new immunotherapy for advanced cancer patients (7,8). However, the effectiveness of the immunotherapy varied across cancer patients, even in the same tumor type. The detection by immunohistochemistry (IHC) of PD-L1 protein on tumor cells was supposed to be a reliable biomarker to predict therapy response (9,10). In reality, some issues impacted the real PD-L1 status, such as the heterogeneous of the same tumor sample, time-related staining, and specimen selection at different therapy points (11,12). In contrast, epigenetic regulations, such as DNA methylation, are considered potential cancer biomarkers due to their frequency, stability, and reversibility (13,14).
Therapeutic challenges at the preclinical level for targeted drug development for Opisthorchis viverrini-associated cholangiocarcinoma
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2021
Watcharin Loilome, Hasaya Dokduang, Manida Suksawat, Sureerat Padthaisong
Immunotherapy has been evaluated and applied for several cancer treatments. Certain monoclonal antibodies have been developed for clinical use, such as ipilimumab in a phase I clinical study in prostate cancer, melanoma and ovarian cancer, tremelimumab in a phase I study with melanoma patients and later in a phase II trial for patients with advanced melanoma. Cytokines approved by the FDA for use in immunotherapy include IFNα-2b, which has also been approved for the treatment of renal and kidney carcinoma, follicular lymphoma, hairy cell cancer; and IL-2 which has been approved for the treatment of renal and kidney carcinoma, as well as leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia [140]. Clinical studies relating to immunotherapy for CCA have been conducted. KEYNOTE‑158 (NCT02628067) and KEYNOTE‑028 (NCT02054806) show that pembrolizumab has an antitumor activity in 6‑13% of patients with advanced BTC, regardless of PD‑L1 expression [141]. A phase II clinical trial (NCT02829918) of Nivolumab, an anti‑PD‑1 monoclonal antibody, showed an 11% response rate (ORR) with a disease control rate (DCR) of 50%, median progression‑free survival (mPFS) of 3.68 months and a median OS among the intention‑to‑treat population of 14.24 months in advanced refractory BTC patients [142,143].